Fused heterocyclic derivatives as ppar modulators

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to compounds represented by the following structural formula, Formula I: wherein (a) X is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, O, S, S(O) 2  and N; (b) U is an aliphatic linker, (c) Y is selected from the group consisting of C, O, S, NH and a single bond; (d) E is C(R3) (R4) A or A and wherein (i) A is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, tetrazole, C 1 -C 6  alkylnitrile, carboxamidek, sulfonamide and acylsulfonamide; (e) B is selected from the group consisting of S, O, C, and N; (f) Z is selected from the group consisting of N and C; with the proviso that when B is C then Z is N.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) are members of thenuclear hormone receptor superfamily, a large and diverse group ofproteins that mediate ligand-dependent transcriptional activation andrepression. Three subtypes of PPARs have been isolated: PPARα, PPARγ andPPARδ.

The expression profile of each isoform differs significantly from theothers, whereby PPARα is expressed primarily, but not exclusively inliver; PPARγ is expressed primarily in adipose tissue; and PPARδ isexpressed ubiquitously. Studies of the individual PPAR isoforms andligands have revealed their regulation of processes involved in insulinresistance and diabetes, as well as lipid disorders, such ashyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia. PPARγ agonists, such as pioglitazone,can be useful in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetesmellitus. Such PPARγ agonists are associated with insulin sensitization.

PPARα agonists, such as fenofibrate, can be useful in the treatment ofhyperlipidemia. Although clinical evidence is not available to revealthe utility of PPARδ agonists in humans, several preclinical studiessuggest that PPARδ agonists can be useful in the treatment of diabetesand lipid disorders.

The prevalence of the conditions that comprise Metabolic Syndrome(obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension andatherosclerosis) continues to increase. New pharmaceutical agents areneeded to address the unmet clinical needs of patients.

PPARδ agonists have been suggested as a potential treatment for use inregulating many of the parameters associated with Metabolic Syndrome andAtherosclerosis. For example, in obese, non-diabetic rhesus monkeys, aPPARδ agonist reduced circulating triglycerides and LDL, decreased basalinsulin levels and increased HDL (Oliver, W. R. et al. Proc Natl AcadSci 98:5306-5311; 2001). The insulin sensitization observed with the useof a PPARδ agonist is thought to be in part due to decreased myocellularlipids (Dressel, U. et al. Mol Endocrinol 17:2477-2493; 2003).

Further, atherosclerosis is considered to be a disease consequence ofdyslipidemia and may be associated with inflammatory disease. C-reactiveprotein (CRP) production is part of the acute-phase response to mostforms of inflammation, infection and tissue damage. It is measureddiagnostically as a marker of low-grade inflammation. Plasma CRP levelsof greater than 3 mg/L have been considered predictive of high risk forcoronary artery disease (J. Clin. Invest 111: 1085-1812, 2003).

PPARδ agonists are believed to mediate anti-inflammatory effects.Indeed, treatment of LPS-stimulated macrophages with a PPARδ agonist hasbeen observed to reduce the expression of iNOS, IL12, and IL-6 (Welch,J. S. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:6712-67172003).

It may be especially desirable when the active pharmaceutical agentselectively modulates a PPAR receptor subtype to provide an especiallydesirable pharmacological profile. In some instances, it can bedesirable when the active pharmacological agent selectively modulatesmore than one PPAR receptor subtype to provide a desired pharmacologicalprofile.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds represented by thefollowing structural Formula I′:

and stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates andhydrates thereof, wherein:

-   -   (a) R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₈        alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,        heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and,        wherein C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with        from one to three substituents independently selected from R1′;    -   (b) R1′, R26, R27, R28 and R31 are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro,        halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆        haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryloxy,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, C(O)R13, COOR14,        OC(O)R15, OS(O)₂R16, N(R17)₂, NR18C(O)R19, NR20SO₂R21, SR22,        S(O)R23, S(O)₂R24, and S(O)₂N(R25)₂; R12, R13, R14, R15, R16,        R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each        independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;    -   (c) R2 is selected from the group consisting of C₀-C₈ alkyl and        C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl;    -   (d) X is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, O,        S, S(O)₂ and N;

(e) U is an aliphatic linker wherein one carbon atom of the aliphaticlinker is optionally replaced with O, NH or S, and wherein suchaliphatic linker is optionally substituted with from one to foursubstituents each independently selected from R30;

-   -   (f) Y is selected from the group consisting of C, NH, and a        single bond;    -   (g) E is C(R3)(R4)A or A and wherein        -   (i) A is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl,            tetrazole, C₁-C₆ alkylnitrile, carboxamide, sulfonamide and            acylsulfonamide; wherein sulfonamide, acylsulfonamide and            tetrazole are each optionally substituted with from one to            two groups independently selected from R⁷;        -   (ii) each R⁷ is independently selected from the group            consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl            and C3-C6 alkyl;        -   (iii) R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,            C₁-C₅ alkyl, and C₁-C₅ alkoxy; and        -   (iv) R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₅            alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, aryloxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and aryl            C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4 are optionally combined to form a            C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,            cycloalkyl and aryl-alkyl are each optionally substituted            with one to three substituents each independently selected            from R26;    -   (h) B is selected from the group consisting of S, O, C, and        N; (i) Z is selected from the group consisting of N and C, with        the proviso that when B is C then Z is N;

(j) R8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl,C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and halo;

-   -   (k) R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, halo, aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl, heteroaryl,        C₁-C₆ allyl, SR29, and OR29, and wherein aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl,        heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with from one to        three independently selected from R27; R29 is selected from the        group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and C₁-C₄ alkyl;        R8 and R9 optionally combine to form a five membered fused        bicyclic with the phenyl to which R8 and R9 attach, provided        that when R8 and R9 form a fused ring, the group E-Y— is bonded        at any available position on the five membered ring of such R8        and R9 fused bicyclic;    -   (l) R10, R11 are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆        alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12″, C₀-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆        haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, aryloxy, C(O)R13′, COOR14′,        OC(O)R15′, OS(O)₂R16′, N(R17′)₂, NR18′C(O)R19′, NR20′SO₂R21′,        SR22′, S(O)R23′, S(O)₂R24′, and S(O)₂N(R25′)₂; and wherein        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally        substituted with from one to three substituents independently        selected from R28;    -   (m) R12′, R12″, R13′, R14′, R15′, R16′, R17′, R18′, R19′, R20′,        R21′, R22′, R23′, R24′, and R25′ are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;

(n) R30 is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl,aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and wherein C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with from oneto three substituents each independently selected from R31;

-   -   (o) R32 is selected from the group consisting of a bond,        hydrogen, halo, C3-C6 alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆        alkyloxo;    -   (p) AL is selected from the group consisting of a fused C₃-C₈        carbocyclic, a fused pyridinyl, a fused pyrimidinyl, and a fused        phenyl; and    -   (q) — is optionally a bond to form a double bond at the        indicated position.

Another embodiment of the present invention is compounds of thestructural Formula I″:

-   -   and stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates        and hydrates thereof, wherein:    -   (a) R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₈        alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,        heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and,        wherein C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with        from one to three substituents independently selected from R1′;    -   (b) R1′, R26, R27, R28 and R31 are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro,        halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆        haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryloxy,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, C(O)R13, COOR14,        OC(O)R15, OS(O)₂R16, N(R17)₂, NR18C(O)R19, NR20SO₂R21, SR22,        S(O)R23, S(O)₂R24, and S(O)₂N(R25)₂; R12, R13, R14, R15, R16,        R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each        independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;    -   (c) R2 is selected from the group consisting of C₀-C₈ alkyl and        C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl;    -   (d) X is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, O,        S, S(O)₂ and N;

(a) U is an aliphatic linker wherein one carbon atom of the aliphaticlinker is optionally replaced with O, NH or S, and wherein suchaliphatic linker is substituted with from one to four substituents eachindependently selected from R30;

(e) Y is selected from the group consisting of C, O, S, NH and a singlebond;

-   -   (f) E is C(R3)(R4)A or A and wherein        -   (i) A is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl,            tetrazole, C₁-C₆ alkylnitrile, carboxamide, sulfonamide and            acylsulfonamide; wherein sulfonamide, acylsulfonamide and            tetrazole are each optionally substituted with from one to            two groups independently selected from R⁷;        -   (ii) each R⁷ is independently selected from the group            consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl            and C₁-C₆ alkyl;        -   (iii) R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,            C₁-C₅ alkyl, and C₁-C₅ alkoxy; and        -   (iv) R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₅            alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, aryloxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and aryl            C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4 are optionally combined to form a            C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,            cycloalkyl and aryl-alkyl are each optionally substituted            with one to three substituents each independently selected            from R26;    -   (g) B is selected from the group consisting of S, O, C, and N;    -   (h) Z is selected from the group consisting of N and C, with the        proviso that when B is C then Z is N;    -   (i) R8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and halo;    -   (j) R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, halo, aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl, heteroaryl,        C₁-C₆ allyl, SR29, and OR29, and wherein aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl,        heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with from one to        three independently selected from R27; R29 is selected from the        group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and C₁-C₄ alkyl;        R8 and R9 optionally combine to form a five membered fused        bicyclic with the phenyl to which R8 and R9 attach, provided        that when R8 and R9 form a fused ring, the group E-Y— is bonded        at any available position on the five membered ring of such R8        and R9 fused bicyclic;    -   (k) R10, R11 are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆        alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12″, C₀-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆        haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C₃-C₆        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, aryloxy, C(O)R13′, COOR14′,        OC(O)R15′, OS(O)₂R16′, N(R17′)₂, NR18′C(O)R19′, NR20′SO₂R21′,        SR22′, S(O)R23′, S(O)₂R24′, and S(O)₂N(R25′)₂; and wherein        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally        substituted with from one to three substituents independently        selected from R28;    -   (l) R12′, R12″, R13′, R14′, R15′, R16′, R17′, R18′, R19′, R20′,        R21′, R22′, R23′, R24′, and R25′ are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;    -   (m) R30 is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and wherein C₁-C₆ alkyl,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally        substituted with from one to three substituents each        independently selected from R31;

(n) R32 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, hydrogen, halo,C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ alkyloxo;

-   -   (o) AL is selected from the group consisting of a fused C₃-C₈        carbocyclic, a fused pyridinyl, a fused pyrimidinyl, and a fused        phenyl; and    -   (p) — is optionally a bond to form a double bond at the        indicated position.

A further embodiment of the present invention is compounds of thestructural Formula I′″:

-   -   and stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates        and hydrates thereof, wherein:    -   (a) R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₈        alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,        heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and,        wherein C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with        from one to three substituents independently selected from R1′;    -   (b) R1′, R26, R27, R28 and R31 are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro,        halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆        haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryloxy,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, C(O)R13, COOR14,        OC(O)R15, OS(O)₂R16, N(R17)₂, NR18C(O)R19, NR20SO₂R21, SR22,        S(O)R23, S(O)₂R24, and S(O)₂N(R25)₂; R12, R13, R14, R15, R16,        R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each        independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;    -   (c) R2 is selected from the group consisting of C₀-C₈ alkyl and        C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl;    -   (d) X is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, O,        S, S(O)₂ and N;    -   (e) U is an aliphatic linker wherein one carbon atom of the        aliphatic linker is optionally replaced with O, NH or S, and        wherein such aliphatic linker is optionally substituted with        from one to four substituents each independently selected from        R30;    -   (f) Y is selected from the group consisting of C, O, S, NH and a        single bond;    -   (g) E is C(R3)(R4)A or A and wherein        -   (i) A is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl,            tetrazole, C₁-C₆ alkylnitrile, carboxamide, sulfonamide and            acylsulfonamide; wherein sulfonamide, acylsulfonamide and            tetrazole are each optionally substituted with from one to            two groups independently selected from R⁷;        -   (ii) each R⁷ is independently selected from the group            consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl            and C₁-C₆ alkyl;        -   (iii) R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,            C₁-C₅ alkyl, and C₁-C₅ alkoxy; and        -   (iv) R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₅            alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, aryloxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and aryl            C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4 are optionally combined to form a            C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,            cycloalkyl and aryl-alkyl are each optionally substituted            with one to three substituents each independently selected            from R26;        -   with the proviso that when Y is O then R4 is selected from            the group consisting of C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, aryloxy,            C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4 are            optionally combined to form a C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein            alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl and aryl-alkyl are each optionally            substituted with one to three each independently selected            from R26;    -   (r) B is selected from the group consisting of S, O, C, and N;    -   (h) Z is selected from the group consisting of N and C, with the        proviso that when B is C then Z is N;    -   (i) R8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and halo;    -   (j) R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, halo, aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl, heteroaryl,        C₁-C₆ allyl, SR29, and OR29, and wherein aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl,        heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with from one to        three independently selected from R27; R29 is selected from the        group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and C₁-C₄ alkyl;        R8 and R9 optionally combine to form a five membered        fused-bicyclic with the phenyl to which R8 and R9 attach,        provided that when R8 and R9 form a fused ring, the group E-Y—        is bonded at any available position on the five membered ring of        such R8 and R9 fused bicyclic;    -   (k) R10, R11 are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆        alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12″, C₀-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆        haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, aryloxy, C(O)R13′, COOR14′,        OC(O)R15′, OS(O)₂R16′, N(R17′)₂, NR18′OC(O)R19′, NR20′SO₂R21′,        SR22′, S(O)R23′, S(O)₂R24′, and S(O)₂N(R25′)₂; and wherein        aryl-C₀-4-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally        substituted with from one to three substituents independently        selected from R28;    -   (l) R12′, R12″, R13′, R14′, R15′, R16′, R17′, R18′, R19′, R20′,        R21′, R22′, R23′, R24′, and R25′ are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;    -   (m) R30 is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and wherein C₁-C₆ alkyl,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally        substituted with from one to three substituents each        independently selected from R31;    -   (n) R32 is selected from the group consisting of a bond,        hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆        alkyloxo;    -   (o) AL is selected from the group consisting of a fused C₃-C₈        carbocyclic, a fused pyridinyl, a fused pyrimidinyl, and a fused        phenyl; and    -   (p) — is optionally a bond to form a double bond at the        indicated position.

One embodiment of the present invention is compounds of the structuralFormula I:

and stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates andhydrates thereof, wherein:

-   -   (a) R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₈        alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,        heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and,        wherein C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with        from one to three substituents independently selected from R1′;    -   (b) R1′, R26, R27, R28 and R31 are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro,        halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆        haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryloxy,        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, C(O)R13, COOR14,        OC(O)R15, OS(O)₂R16, N(R17)₂, NR18C(O)R19, NR20SO₂R21, SR22,        S(O)R23, S(O)₂R24, and S(O)₂N(R25)₂; R12, R13, R14, R15, R16,        R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 are each        independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;    -   (c) R2 is selected from the group consisting of C₀-C₈ alkyl and        C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl;    -   (d) X is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, O,        S, S(O)₂ and N;    -   (e) U is an aliphatic linker wherein one carbon atom of the        aliphatic linker may be replaced with O, NH or S, and wherein        such aliphatic linker is optionally substituted with R30;    -   (f) Y is selected from the group consisting of C, O, S, NH and a        single bond;    -   (g) E is C(R3) (R4)A or A and wherein        -   (i) A is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl,            tetrazole, C₁-C₆ alkylnitrile, carboxamide, sulfonamide and            acylsulfonamide; wherein sulfonamide, acylsulfonamide and            tetrazole are each optionally substituted with from one to            two groups independently selected from R⁷;        -   (ii) each R⁷ is independently selected from the group            consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl            and C₁-C₆ alkyl;        -   (iii) R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,            C₁-C₅ alkyl, and C₁-C₅ alkoxy; and        -   (iv) R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₅            alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, aryloxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and aryl            C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4 are optionally combined to form a            C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,            cycloalkyl and aryl-alkyl are each optionally substituted            with one to three substituents each independently selected            from R26;    -   (h) B is selected from the group consisting of S, O, C, and N,        with the proviso that when B is N then Z is C;    -   (i) Z is selected from the group consisting of N and C, with the        proviso that when B is C then Z is N;    -   (j) R8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and halo;    -   (k) R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, halo, aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl, heteroaryl,        C₁-C₆ allyl, and OR29, and wherein aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl, heteroaryl        are each optionally substituted with from one to three        independently selected from R27; R29 is selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₄ alkyl;    -   (l) R10, R11 are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆        alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12″, C₀-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆        haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C₃-C₆        cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, aryloxy, C(O)R13′, COOR14′,        OC(O)R15′, OS(O)₂R16′, N(R17′)₂, NR18′OC(O)R19′, NR20′SO₂R21′,        SR22′, S(O)R23′, S(O)₂R24′, and S(O)₂N(R25′)₂; and wherein        aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,        and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally        substituted with from one to three substituents independently        selected from R28;    -   (m) R12′, R12″, R13′, R14′, R15′, R16′, R17′, R18′, R19′, R20′,        R21′, R22′, R23′, R24′, and R25′ are each independently selected        from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl;

(n) R30 is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl,aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and wherein C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with from oneto three substituents each independently selected from R31;

-   -   (o) R32 is selected from the group consisting of a bond,        hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆        alkyloxo;    -   (p) AL is selected from the group consisting of a fused C₃-C₈        carbocyclic and a fused phenyl; and    -   (q) — is optionally a bond to form a double bond at the        indicated position.

It can be preferred that the compound of this invention is of thestructural Formula II:

wherein the E, Y, R8, R9, X, U, R1, R32, R2, R10, and R11 are as definedherein above.

It can be preferred that the compound of this invention is of thestructural Formula III:

wherein the E, Y, R8, R9, X, U, R1, R32, R2, R10, and R11 are as definedabove.

It can be preferred that the compound of this invention is of theStructural Formula IV:

wherein E, Y, R8, R9, X, U, R1, R32, R2, R10, and R11 are as definedherein above; n1 is 1 to 5. It is preferred that n1 is 1 to 2.

It can be preferred that the compound of this invention is of theStructural Formula V:

In one embodiment, the present invention also relates to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising at least one compound of the present invention,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, orstereioisomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method ofselectively modulating a PPAR delta receptor by contacting the receptorwith at least one compound represented by Structural Formula I, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or stereioisomerthereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method ofmodulating one or more of the PPAR alpha, beta, gamma, and/or deltareceptors.

In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to a method ofmaking a compound represented by Structural Formula I.

The compounds of the present invention are believed to be effective intreating and preventing Metabolic Syndrome, Type II diabetes,hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, coagaulopathy, hypertension,atherosclerosis, and other disorders related to Metabolic Syndrome andcardiovascular diseases. Further, compounds of this invention can beuseful for lowering fibrinogen, increasing HDL levels, treating renaldisease, controlling desirable weight, treating demyelinating diseases,treating certain viral infections, and treating liver disease. Inaddition, the compounds can be associated with fewer clinical sideeffects than compounds currently used to treat such conditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The terms used to describe the instant invention have the followingmeanings.

As used herein, the term “aliphatic linker” or “aliphatic group” is anon-aromatic, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen and mayoptionally contain one or more units of unsaturation, e.g., doubleand/or triple bonds (also refer herein as “alkenyl” and “alkynyl”). Analiphatic or aliphatic group may be straight chained, branched (alsorefer herein as “alkyl”) or cyclic (also refer herein as “cycloalkyl).When straight chained or branched, an aliphatic group typically containsbetween about 1 and about 10 carbon atoms, more typically between about1 and about 6 carbon atoms. When cyclic, an aliphatic typically containsbetween about 3 and about 10 carbon atoms, more typically between about3 and about 7 carbon atoms. Aliphatics are preferably C₁-C₁₀ straightchained or branched alkyl groups (i.e. completely saturated aliphaticgroups), more preferably C₁-C₆ straight chained or branched alkylgroups. Examples include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl,n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. Additionalexamples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexylyl and the like. It may be preferredthat one carbon of the aliphatic linker is replaced with a N, O, or S.It may be preferred that the aliphatic linker is substituted with fromone to four substituents each independently selected from R30. It may bepreferred that aliphatic linker is substituted with from two to threesubstituents each independently selected from R30.

The term “alkyl,” unless otherwise indicated, refers to those alkylgroups of a designated number of carbon atoms of either a straight orbranched saturated configuration. As used herein, “C₀ alkyl” means thatthere is no carbon and therefore represents a bond. Examples of “alkyl”include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopentyland the like. Alkyl as defined above may be optionally substituted witha designated number of substituents as set forth in the embodimentrecited above. As used herein, the term “alkyloxo” means an alkyl groupof the designated number of carbon atoms with a “═O” substituent.

The term “alkenyl” or “alkylenyl” means hydrocarbon chain of a specifiednumber of carbon atoms of either a straight or branched configurationand having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, which may occur atany point along the chain, such as ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl,vinyl, alkyl, 2-butenyl and the like. Alkenyl as defined above may beoptionally substituted with designated number of substituents as setforth in the embodiment recited above.

The term “alkynyl” means hydrocarbon chain of a specified number ofcarbon atoms of either a straight or branched configuration and havingat least one carbon-carbon triple bond, which may occur at any pointalong the chain. Example of alkynyl is acetylene. Alkynyl as definedabove may be optionally substituted with designated number ofsubstituents as set forth in the embodiment recited above.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to a means hydrocarbon chain of aspecified number of carbon atoms wherein at least one carbon is replacedby a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturatedcarbocycle containing one or more rings of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms,typically 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl includes, but arenot limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl andcycloheptyl, and the like. “Cycloalkyaryl” means that an aryl is fusedwith a cycloalkyl, and “Cycloalkylaryl-alkyl” means that thecycloalkylaryl is linked to the parent molecule through the alkyl.Cycloalkyl as defined above may be optionally substituted with adesignated number of substituents as set forth in the embodiment recitedabove.

The term “halo” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

The term “haloalkyl” is a C₁-C₆ alkyl group, which is substituted withone or more halo atoms selected from F, Br, Cl and I. An example of ahaloalkyl group is trifluoromethyl (CF₃).

The term “alkoxy” represents an alkyl group of indicated number ofcarbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge, such as methoxy, ethoxy,propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and the like. Alkoxyas defined above may be optionally substituted with a designated numberof substituents as set forth in the embodiment recited above.

The term “haloalkyloxy” represents a C₁-C₆ haloalkyl group attachedthrough an oxygen bridge, such as OCF₃. The “haloalkyloxy” as definedabove may be optionally substituted with a designated number ofsubstituents as set forth in the embodiment recited above.

The term “aryl” includes carbocyclic aromatic ring systems (e.g.phenyl), fused polycyclic aromatic ring systems (e.g. naphthyl andanthracenyl) and aromatic ring systems fused to carbocyclic non-aromaticring systems (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl). “Aryl” as defined abovemay be optionally-substituted with a designated number of substituentsas set forth in the embodiment recited above.

As used herein when “R8 and R9 optionally combine to form a fivemembered fused bicyclic with the phenyl to which R8 and R9 attach” meanswhen R8 and R9 combine to form a five membered ring, the resulting fusedbicyclic is a structure, for example, but not limited to, a compound ofthe formula X:

As shown by the above formula X, the variable X′ is selected from thegroup consisting of S and O. The — represents an optional double bond.The fused bicyclic may contain a heteratom at any available position onthe ring and the E-Y— group shall attach at any available position onthe 5 membered fused ring.

As used herein, when AL is “a fused pyrimidyl”, then the pyrimidyl isfused to the five membered ring to which AL is attached. The resultingstructure is, for example, but not limited to, a compound of theformula:

As used herein, when AL is “a fused pyridinyl”, then the pyridinyl isfused to the five membered ring to which AL is attached. The resultingstructure is, for example, but not limited to, a compound of theformula:

As used herein, the term “fused carbocyclic” means an optionallysaturated C₃-C₉ ring system that is fused with the

group to form a 7 to 12 member bicyclic ring system. The fused ringsystem can optionally contain one or more double bonds. Such fused ringsystem is substituted with R1 and R32, as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “fused phenyl” means that the phenyl ring isfused with the

group to form a bicyclic group of the formula

and wherein such group is substituted with R32 and R1, as definedherein.

The term “arylalkyl” refers to an aryl alkyl group which is linked tothe parent molecule through the alkyl group, which may be furtheroptionally substituted with a designated number of substituents as setforth in the embodiment recited above. When arylalkyl is arylC₀alkyl,then the aryl group is bonded directly to the parent molecule. Likewise,arylheteroalkyl means an aryl group linked to the parent moleculethrough the heteroalkyl group.

The term “acyl” refers to alkylcarbonyl or aryl/heteroaryl carbonylspecies.

The term “heteroaryl” group, as used herein, is an aromatic ring systemhaving at least one heteroatom such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen andincludes monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring of 5- to14-carbon atoms containing one or more heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of O, N, and S. The “heteroaryl” as defined above maybe optionally substituted with a designated number of substituents asset forth in the embodiment recited above. Examples of heteroaryl are,but are not limited to, furanyl, indolyl, thienyl (also referred toherein as “thiophenyl”) thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazoyl, oxazoyl,pyrazoyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrimidinyl andpurinyl, cinnolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl,benzoxazolyl, quinoline, isoxazolyl, isoquinoline and the like. The term“heteroarylalkyl” means that the heteroaryl group is linked to theparent molecule through the alkyl portion of the heteroarylalkyl.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic ring which containsone or more oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur and includes a monocyclic,bicyclic or tricyclic non-aromatic ring of 5 to 14 carbon atomscontaining one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S. The“heterocycloalkyl” as defined above may be optionally substituted with adesignated number of substituents as set forth in the embodiment recitedabove. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to,morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, and thiomorpholine. Asused herein, alkyl groups include straight chained and branchedhydrocarbons, which are completely saturated.

As used herein, the phrase “selectively modulate” means a compound whoseEC50 for the stated PPAR receptor is at least ten fold lower than itsEC50 for the other PPAR receptor subtypes.

When a compound represented by Structural Formula I has more than onechiral substituent it may exist in diastereoisomeric forms. Thediastereoisomeric pairs may be separated by methods known to thoseskilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization andthe individual enantiomers within each pair may be separated usingmethods familiar to the skilled artisan. The present invention includeseach diastereoisomer of compounds of Structural Formula I and mixturesthereof.

Certain compounds of Structural Formula I may exist in different stableconformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due torestricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example becauseof steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of differentconformers. The present invention includes each conformational isomer ofcompounds of Structural Formula I and mixtures thereof.

Certain compounds of Structural Formula I may exist in zwitterionic formand the present invention includes each zwitterionic form of compoundsof Structural Formula I and mixtures thereof.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” refers to salts of the compounds ofthe Structural Formula I which are considered to be acceptable forclinical and/or veterinary use. Typical pharmaceutically-acceptablesalts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds of thepresent invention with a mineral or organic acid or an organic orinorganic base. Such salts are known as acid additiona salts and baseaddition salts, respectively. It will be recognized that the particularcounterion forming a part of any salt of this invention is not of acritical nature, so long as the salt as a whole ispharmaceutically-acceptable and as long as the counterion does notcontribute undesired qualities to the salt as a whole. These salts maybe prepared by methods known to the skilled artisan.

The term, “active ingredient” means the compounds generically describedby Structural Formula I as well as the sterioisomers, salts, solvates,and hydrates,

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means that the carrier, diluent,excipients and salt are pharmaceutically compatible with the otheringredients of the composition. Pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention are prepared by procedures known in the art using wellknown and readily available ingredients.

“Preventing” refers to reducing the likelihood that the recipient willincur or develop any of the pathological conditions described herein.The term preventing is particularly applicable to a patient that issusceptible to the particular patholical condition.

“Treating” refers to mediating a disease or condition and preventing, ormitigating, its further progression or ameliorate the symptomsassociated with the disease or condition.

“Pharmaceutically-effective amount” means that amount of activeingredientit, that will elicit the biological or medical response of atissue, system, or mammal. Such an amount can be administeredprophylactically to a patient thought to be susceptible to developmentof a disease or condition. Such amount when administeredprophylactically to a patient can also be effective to prevent or lessenthe severity of the mediated condition. Such an amount is intended toinclude an amount which is sufficient to modulate a selected PPARreceptor or to prevent or mediate a disease or condition. Generally, theeffective amount of a Compound of Formula I will be between 0.02 through5000 mg per day. Preferably the effective amount is between 1 through1,500 mg per day. Preferably the dosage is from 1 through 1,000 mg perday.

The desired dose may be presented in a single dose or as divided dosesadministered at appropriate intervals. It may be preferred that thedosages are administered at intervals which are less than daily. Forexample, but not limited to, every other day, weekly, biweekly, ormonthly, as appropriate.

A “mammal” is an individual animal that is a member of the taxonomicclass Mammalia. The class Mammalia includes humans, monkeys,chimpanzees, gorillas, cattle, swine, horses, sheep, dogs, cats, mice,and rats.

Administration to a human is most preferred. The compounds andcompositions of the present invention are useful for the treatmentand/or prophylaxis of cardiovascular disease, for raising serum HDLcholesterol levels, for lowering serum triglyceride levels and for lowerserum LDL cholesterol levels. Elevated triglyceride and LDL levels, andlow HDL levels, are risk factors for the development of heart disease,stroke, and circulatory system disorders and diseases.

Further, the compound and compositions of the present invention mayreduce the incidence of undesired cardiac events in patients. Thephysician of ordinary skill will know how to identify humans who willbenefit from administration of the compounds and compositions of thepresent invention.

The compounds and compositions of the present invention are also usefulfor treating and/or preventing obesity.

Further, these compounds and compositions are useful for the treatmentand/or prophylaxis of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)with reduced or no body weight gains by the patients. Furthermore, thecompounds and compositions of the present invention are useful to treator prevent acute or transient disorders in insulin sensitivity, such assometimes occur following surgery, traumas myocardial infarction, andthe like.

The present invention further provides a method for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of hyperglycemia in a human or non-human mammal whichcomprises administering an effective amount of active ingredient, asdefined herein, to a hyperglycemic human or non-human mammal in needthereof.

The invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula I asdescribed above, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a PPARreceptor mediated condition.

A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Structural Formula Ican be used for the preparation of a medicament useful for treatingMetabolic Syndrome, diabetes, treating obesity, lowering tryglyceridelevels, lowering serum LDL levels, raising the plasma level of highdensity lipoprotein, and for treating, preventing or reducing the riskof developing atherosclerosis, and for preventing or reducing the riskof having a first or subsequent atherosclerotic disease event inmammals, particularly in humans. In general, a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of the present invention typically reduces serumtriglyceride levels of a patient by about 20% or more, and increasesserum HDL levels in a patient. Preferably, HDL levels will be increasedby about 30% or more. In adition, a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound, used to prevent or treat NIDDM, typically reduces serumglucose levels, or more specifically HbA1c, of a patient by about 0.7%or more.

When used herein Metabolic Syndrome includes pre-diabetic insulinresistance syndrome and the resulting complications thereof, insulinresistance, non-insulin dependent diabetes, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemiaobesity, coagulopathy, hypertension and other complications associatedwith diabetes. The methods and treatments mentioned herein include theabove and encompass the treatment and/or prophylaxis of any one of orany combination of the following: pre-diabetic-insulin resistancesyndrome, the resulting complications thereof, insulin resistance, TypeII or non-insulin dependent diabetes, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia,obesity and the complications associated with diabetes includingcardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis.

In addition, the methods and treatments mentioned herein include theabove and encompass the treatment and/or prophylaxis of any one of orany combination of the following inflammatory and autoimmune diseases:adult respritory distress syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, demyelinatingdisease, Chrohne's disease, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus,psoriasis, and bursitis.

The compositions are formulated and administered in the same generalmanner as detailed herein. The compounds of the instant invention may beused effectively alone or in combination with one or more additionalactive agents depending on the desired target therapy. Combinationtherapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical dosagecomposition which contains a compound of Structural Formula I, astereoisomer, salt, solvate and/or hydrate thereof (“Active Igredient”)and one or more additional active agents, as well as administration of acompound of Active Ingredient and each active agent in its own separatepharmaceutical dosage formulation. For example, an Active Ingredient andan insulin secretogogue such as biguanides, thiazolidinediones,sulfonylureas, insulin, or α-glucosidose inhibitors can be administeredto the patient together in a single oral dosage composition such as atablet or capsule, or each agent administered in separate oral dosageformulations. Where separate dosage formulations are used, an ActiveIngredient and one or more additional active agents can be administeredat essentially the same time, i.e., concurrently, or at separatelystaggered times, i.e., sequentially; combination therapy is understoodto include all these regimens.

An example of combination treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis maybe wherein an Active Ingredient is administered in combination with oneor more of the following active agents: antihyperlipidemic agents;plasma HDL-raising agents; antihypercholesterolemic agents, fibrates,vitamins, aspirin, and the like. As noted above, the Active Ingredientcan be administered in combination with more than one additional activeagent.

Another example of combination therapy can be seen in treating diabetesand related disorders wherein the Active Ingredient can be effectivelyused in combination with, for example, sulfonylureas, biguanides,thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, other insulinsecretogogues, insulin as well as the active agents discussed above fortreating atherosclerosis.

The Active Ingredients of the present invention, have valuablepharmacological properties and can be used in pharmaceuticalcompositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of ActiveIngredient of the present invention, in combination with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Excipients are inert substancessuch as, without limitation carriers, diluents, fillers, flavoringagents, sweeteners, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, wettingagents, binders, disintegrating agents, encapsulating material and otherconventional adjuvants. Proper formulation is dependent upon the routeof administration chosen. Pharmaceutical compositions typically containfrom about 1 to about 99 weight percent of the Active Ingredient of thepresent invention.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical formulation is in unit dosage form. A“unit dosage form” is a physically discrete unit containing a unit dose,suitable for administration in human subjects or other mammals. Forexample, a unit dosage form can be a capsule or tablet, or a number ofcapsules or tablets. A “unit dose” is a predetermined quantity of theActive Ingredient of the present invention, calculated to produce thedesired therapeutic effect, in association with one or morepharmaceutically-acceptable excipients. The quantity of activeingredient in a unit dose may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 toabout 1500 milligrams or more according to the particular treatmentinvolved. It may be preferred that the unit dosage is from about 1 mg toabout 1000 mg.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention isselected by one of ordinary skill in the medical or veterinary arts, inview of a variety of factors, including, without limitation, thespecies, age, weight, sex, and medical condition of the recipient, theseverity of the condition to be treated, the route of administration,the level of metabolic and excretory function of the recipient, thedosage form employed, the particular compound and salt thereof employed,and the like.

Advantageously, compositions containing the compound of StructuralFormula I or the salts thereof may be provided in dosage unit form,preferably each dosage unit containing from about 1 to about 500 mg beadministered although it will, of course, readily be understood that theamount of the compound or compounds of Structural Formula I actually tobe administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of allthe relevant circumstances.

Preferably, the compounds of the present invention are administered in asingle daily dose, or the total daily dose may be administered individed doses, two, three, or more times per day. Where delivery is viatransdermal forms, of course, administration is continuous.

Suitable routes of administration of pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention include, for example, oral, eyedrop, rectal,transmucosal, topical, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery(bolus or infusion), including intramuscular, subcutaneous,intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, directintraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, orintraocular injections. The compounds of the invention can also beadministered in a targeted drug delivery system, such as, for example,in a liposome coated with endothelial cell-specific antibody.

Solid form formulations include powders, tablets and capsules.

Sterile liquid formulations include suspensions, emulsions, syrups, andelixirs.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be manufacturedin a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing,dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying,encapsulating, entrapping, lyophilizing processes, and/or coupled withsoluble polymers as targeted drug carriers.

The following pharmaceutical formulations 1 and 2 are illustrative onlyand are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Formulation 1

Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:Quantity (mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 250 Starch, dried 200 Magnesiumstearate 10 Total 460 mg

Formulation 2

A tablet is prepared using the ingredients below: Quantity (mg/tablet)Active Ingredient 250 Cellulose, microcrystalline 400 Silicon dioxide,fumed 10 Stearic acid 5 Total 665 mgThe components are blended and compressed to form tablets each weighing665 mg.

In yet another embodiment of the compounds of the present invention, thecompound is radiolabelled, such as with carbon-14, or tritiated. Saidradiolabelled or tritiated compounds are useful as reference standardsfor in vitro assays to identify new selective PPAR receptor agonists.

The compounds of the present invention can be useful for modulatinginsulin secretion and as research tools. Certain compounds andconditions within the scope of this invention are preferred. Thefollowing conditions, invention embodiments, and compoundcharacteristics listed in tabular form may be independently combined toproduce a variety of preferred compounds and process conditions. Thefollowing list of embodiments of this invention is not intended to limitthe scope of this invention in any way.

Some prefered characteristics of compounds of formula I are:

-   -   (a) R3 is methyl;    -   (b) R4 is hydrogen;    -   (c) R3 is C₁-C₂ alkyl;    -   (d) R4 is C₁-C₂ alkyl;    -   (e) R3 and R4 are each hydrogen;    -   (f) R3 and R4 are each methyl;    -   (g) A is carboxyl;    -   (h) X is —O—;    -   (i) X is —S—;    -   (j) X is a bond;    -   (k) U is CH;    -   (l) U is CH₂CH;    -   (m) R9 is methyl;    -   (n) R9 is hydrogen;    -   (o) R9 is C₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   (p) R8 is methyl;    -   (q) R8 and R9 are each hydrogen;    -   (r) R8 and R9 combine to form a five membered fused ring;    -   (s) R8 and R9 combine to form a five membered fused ring to form        a compound of the formula IX:    -   (t) X′ is O;    -   (u) X′ is S;    -   (v) R10 is CF₃;    -   (w) R10 is haloalkyl;    -   (x) R10 is haloalkyloxy;    -   (y) R11 is hydrogen    -   (z) R10 and R11 are each hydrogen;    -   (aa) R11 is haloalkyl;    -   (bb) Z is N;    -   (cc) Z and B are each N;    -   (dd) Z is C and B is N;    -   (ee) B is S;    -   (ff) B is O;    -   (gg) AL is unsaturated;    -   (hh) AL is saturated;    -   (ii) AL is aromatic;    -   (jj) AL is a fused phenyl;    -   (kk) AL is fused pyriminyl;    -   (ll) AL is fused pyridinyl;    -   (mm) AL is a fused C₅-C₇ cycloalkyl;    -   (nn) — in the five membered ring each form a double bond at the        designated position in Formula I;    -   (oo) R1 is C₁-C₄ alkyl;    -   (pp) R32 is hydrogen;    -   (qq) R2 is a bond;    -   (rr) R2 is C₁-C₂ alkyl;    -   (ss) Y is O;    -   (tt) Y is S;    -   (uu) Y is C;    -   (vv) E is C(R3) (R4)A;    -   (ww) A is COOH;    -   (xx) Aliphatic linker is saturated;    -   (yy) Aliphatic linker is substituted with C₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   (zz) Aliphatic linker is C₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   (aaa) Aliphatic linker is C₁-C₂ alkyl;    -   (bbb) Aliphatic linker is C₁-C₃ alkyl and one carbon is replaced        with an —O—;    -   (ccc) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula        VIII    -   (ddd) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula X:    -   (eee) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula II:    -   (fff) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula        III:    -   (ggg) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula IV:    -   (hhh) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula V:    -   (iii) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula VI:    -   (iii) A compound of this invention of the Structural Formula        VII:    -   (kkk) Aryl is a phenyl group;    -   (lll) A compound of Formula I that selectively modulates a delta        receptor;    -   (mmm) An Active Ingredient, as described herein, that is a PPAR        coagaonist that modulates a gamma receptor and a delta receptor;    -   (nnn) An Active Ingredient, as described herein, for use in the        treatment of cardiovascular disease;    -   (ooo) An Active Ingredient, as described herein, for use in the        treatment of Metabolic Syndrome;    -   (ppp) An Active Ingredient for use in the control of obesity;    -   (qqq) An Active Ingredient for use in treating diabetes;    -   (rrr) An Active Ingredient that is a PPAR receptor agonist;    -   (sss) A compound of Formula I selected from the group consisting        of

-   Racemic-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   (R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   (S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   Racemic-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   (S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   (R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   {2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   {3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-acetic    acid;

-   (S)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-acetic    acid;

-   (R)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-acetic    acid;

-   {2-Methyl-4-[7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   (S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (R)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-acetic    acid;

-   (S)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-acetic    acid;

-   3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   {2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   (R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   (S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   {3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-acetic    acid;

-   (R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   {2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-cyclooctathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   {2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid;

-   {2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic    acid ethyl ester;

-   3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   {3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-acetic    acid;

-   3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   (S)-2-Methoxy-3-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic    acid;

-   2-Methyl-2-{2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy}-propionic    acid;

-   Racemic-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-ethylsulfanyl}-phenoxy)-acetic    acid; and

-   Racemic-3-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-ethylsulfanyl}-phenyl)-propionic    acid;    -   (kkk) A compound of Formula I selected from the group consisting        of        {2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic        acid and        3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionic        acid; and    -   (lll) A compound of this invention selected from

Synthesis

Compounds of the present invention have been formed as specificallydescribed in the examples. Further, many compounds are prepared as moregenerally using a Mitsunobu protocol (O. Mitsunobu, 1981 Synthesis, p1)and other methods known to the skilled artisan. Alternative synthesismethods may also be effective and known to the skilled artisan.

For example, an intermediate like A is alkylated with an alkylatingagent B in the presence of a base (e.g. K2CO3, Cs2CO3 etc.). Hydrolysisin the presence of aqueous NaOH or LiOH gave the acid product.

Alternatively, an intermediate like A is coupled with an alcohol C underMitsunobu reaction condition (DEAD/PPh3, ADDP/PBu3 etc.). Hydrolysis inthe presence of aqueous NaOH or LiOH gave the acid product:

Thioether analogs could also be prepared by a ZnI2 mediated thioetherformation reaction as shown below:

Intermediates B, C and D can be made in one of the following methods.Condensation α′-halo-β-ketoester with thioamide gave the thiazolecompound:

Alternatively, a convergent method was developed to make the variationat C2 position of the thiazole as shown in scheme 2:

Benzothiazole analogs were made by DDQ oxidation reaction:

EXEMPLIFICATION

The Examples provided herein are illustrative of the invention claimedherein and are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed inventionin any way.

Instrumental Analysis

Infrared spectra are recorded on a Perkin Elmer 781 spectrometer. ¹H NMRspectra are recorded on a Varian 400 MHz spectrometer at ambienttemperature. Data are reported as follows: chemical shift in ppm frominternal standard tetramethylsilane on the δ scale, multiplicity(b=broad, s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, qn=quintet andm=multiplet), integration, coupling constant (Hz) and assignment. ¹³CNMR are recorded on a Varian 400 MHz spectrometer at ambienttemperature. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm from tetramethylsilaneon the δ scale, with the solvent resonance employed as the internalstandard (CDCl₃ at 77.0 ppm and DMSO-d₆ at 39.5 ppm). Combustionanalyses are performed by Eli Lilly & Company MicroanalyticalLaboratory. High resolution mass spectra are obtained on VG ZAB 3F or VG70 SE spectrometers. Analytical thin layer chromatography was performedon EM Reagent 0.25 mm silica gel 60-F plates. Visualization wasaccomplished with UV light.

Preparation 1 2-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Step A 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-formylphenoxy)-2-methyl propionic acid ethylester

5-Benzyloxy-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (Kappe, T.; Witoszynskyj, T. Arch.Pharm., 1975, 308 (5), 339-346) (2.28 g, 10.0 mmol), ethylbromoisobutyrate (2.2 mL, 15 mmol), and cesium carbonate (3.26 g, 10.0mmol) in dry DMF (25 mL) are heated at 80° C. for 18 h. The reactionmixture is cooled and partitioned between water (30 mL) and ether (75mL). The organic layer is washed with brine (15 mL). The aqueous layersare back-extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and the organic layer iswashed with brine (20 mL). The combined organic layers are dried(Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to a brown oil. The crude product is purifiedby flash chromatography using hexanes:ethyl acetate (2.5:1) to give apale yellow solid (3.04 g, 89%): mp 65° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ1.24 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.62 (s, 6H), 4.23 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 6.81 (d,1H, J=8.8 Hz), 7.10 (dd, 1H, J=4.6, 9.0 Hz), 7.30-7.43 (m, 6H); MS (ES)m/e 343.1 [M+1].

Step B 2-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid ethylester

2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-formyl-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid ethyl ester(9.00 g, 26.3 mmol) in ethanol (250 mL) is treated with 5% Pd/C (1.25 g)and hydrogen (60 psi, rt, overnight). Additional 5% Pd/C (1.25 g) isadded, and the reaction is continued for 6 h at 40° C. The mixture isfiltered and concentrated to a tan oil (6.25 g). This oil contained 9mol % of 2-(4-Hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acidethyl ester. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.26 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz), 1.51 (s,6H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 4.24 (q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 5.68 (brs, 1H), 6.47 (dd, 1H,J=3.4, 8.8 Hz), 6.59 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 6.60 (brs, 1H).

The following compound is prepared in a similar manner:

Preparation 2 2-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

¹H MM (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.28 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.24 (5, 3H), 4.25 (q,2H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.55 (s, 2H), 6.56 (dd, 1H, J=2.7, 8.5 Hz), 6.61 (d, 1H,J=8.3 Hz), 6.65 (d, 2H, J=2.9 Hz).

Preparation 3 (4-Hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Step A 4-Benzyloxy-2-propylphenol

2-Allyl-4-benzyloxyphenol (WO 9728137 A1 19970807, Adams, A. D. et al.)(5.00 g, 20.8 mmol) in ethyl acetate (40 mL) is treated with 5% Pd/C(0.25 g) and hydrogen (1 atm) at ambient temperature for 18 h. Themixture is filtered and concentrated. The crude product is purified on aBiotage medium pressure chromatography system using a 40 L normal phasecartridge and eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give a tansolid (2.8 g, 56%). Rf=0.33 (25% EtOAc/Hexanes); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.44-7.31 (m, 5H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 2H), 5.00 (s, 2H),4.31 (s, 1H), 2.55 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.64 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 0.97 (t,J=7.3 Hz, 3H).

Step B (4-Benzyloxy-2-propylphenoxy)acetic acid ethyl ester

A solution of 4-benzyloxy-2-propylphenol (0.50 g, 1.94 mmol) in dry DMF(7 mL) is cooled in an ice bath and treated with NaH (0.15 g, 3.8 mmol,60% oil dispersion). The ice bath is removed, ethyl bromoacetate (0.43mL, 3.9 mmol) is added, and the mixture is placed in an oil bath (T=85°C.). After 18 h, the reaction mixture is cooled and concentrated invacuo. The residue is diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine (2×), dried(Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The crude product is purified by radialchromatography using 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give a tan solid(0.62 g, 97%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44-7.31 (m, 5H), 6.82 (d,J=2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (dd, J=8.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H),5.00 (s, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 4.25 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (t, J=7.6 Hz,2H), 1.64 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.3 Hz,3H); MS (FIA) m/e 329 (M⁺+1).

Step C (4-Hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy)acetic acid ethyl ester

A solution of (4-benzyloxy-2-propylphenoxy)acetic acid ethyl ester (0.60g, 1.83 mmol) in THF (15 mL) is treated with 5% Pd/C (75 mg) andhydrogen (60 psi) at ambient temperature for 24 h. The mixture isfiltered and concentrated. The crude product is purified by radialchromatography using 15% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give a tan solid(0.25 g, 57%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.66 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.62(d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (dd, J=8.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (s, 1H), 4.40 (s,1H), 4.25 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (q, J=7.5 Hz,2H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (FIA) m/e 239(M⁺+1).

Preparation 4 (3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of (4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.59 g, 3mmol) in acetic acid (1.5 mL) is added bromine (0.48 g, 9 mmol) inacetic acid (0.5 mL) at room temperature. After 5 min, solvent isevaporated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel givingthe title compound (0.6 g).

Preparation 5 (4-Mercapto-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Step A (4-Chlorosulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Phenoxy-acetic acid ethyl ester (9.1 mL) is added to chlorosulfonic acid(15 mL) at 0° C. dropwise. The reaction is stirred at 0° C. for 30 min,it is allowed to warm to room temperature. After 2 hrs, the reactionmixture is poured into ice, solid product is collected by filtration anddried under vacuum.

Step B (4-Mercapto-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

To a mixture of (4-chlorosulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.98g, 3.5 mmol) and tin powder (2.1 g) in ethanol (4.4 mL) is added HCl indioxane (1.0 M, 4.4 mL) under nitrogen. The mixture is heated to refluxfor 2 hrs, it is poured into ice and methylene chloride and filtered.The layers are separated and extracted with methylene chloride, driedand concentrated. The crude product is used for next step withoutpurification.

The following compounds are made in a similar manner:

Preparation 6 (4-Mercapto-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Preparation 7 (4-Mercapto-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

This compound can also be made by the following procedure:

To a stirred suspension of Zn powder (10 μm, 78.16 g, 1.2 mol) anddichlorodimethyl silane (154.30 g, 145.02 mL, 1.2 mol) in 500 mL ofdichloroethane is added a solution of(4-chlorosulfonyl-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (100 g, 0.34mol) and 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one (116.98 g, 112.05 mL, 1.02 mol)in 1 L of DCE. Addition is at a rate so as to maintain the internaltemperature at ˜52° C., cooling with chilled water as necessary. Afteraddition is complete, the mixture is heated at 75° C. for 1 hour. It isthen cooled to room temperature, filtered and concentrated iv. Add MTBE,washed twice with saturated LiCl solution concentrate iv again. Take upthe residue in CH₃CN, wash with hexane (4×) and concentrate iv to yielda biphasic mixture. Let stand in a separatory funnel and separatelayers, keeping the bottom layer for product. Filtration through a plugof silica gel (1 Kg, 25% EtOAc/hexane) and subsequent concentrationyields 61 g (79%) of a clear, colorless oil.

NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.1 (s, 1H), 7.05 (dd, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 5.03 (s, 1H),4.75 (s, 2H), 4.15 (q, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.2 (t, 3H).

Preparation 8 3-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

Step A 4-Bromo-3-methyl-phenyl benzyl ester

To a solution of 4-Bromo-3-methyl-phenol (20.6 g, 0.0.11 mol) in DMF(100 mL) is added Cs2CO3 (54 g, 0.165 mol), followed by benzyl bromide(14.4 mL). After stirred at 60° C. for 40 h, the reaction mixture isdiluted with ethyl acetate, filtered through celite. The filtrate iswashed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrationyields the title product-(27 g).

Step B 3-(4-Benzyloxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

To a solution of 4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl benzyl ester (7.6 g, 27.4 mmol)in propronitrile (200 mL) is added methyl acrylate (10 mL) anddiisopropylethyl amine (9.75 mL), the solution is degassed and filledwith nitrogen for three times. To this mixture are addedtri-o-tolyl-phosphane (3.36 g) and palladium acetate (1.25 g) undernitrogen, then heated at 110° C. overnight, cooled to room temperature,filtered through celite. The solvent is evaporated, the residue is takeninto ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine, dried over sodiumsulfate. Concentration and column chromatography on silica gel elutedwith hexanes and ethyl acetate yields the title compound (6.33 g).

Step C 3-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 3-(4-Benzyloxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester(13.7 g, 48.5 mmol) and Pd/C (5%, 13.7 g) in MeOH (423 mL) is stirredunder 60 psi of hydrogen for 24 hrs. Catalyst is filtered off, filtrateis concentrated giving the title compound (8.8 g, 93.5%).

Preparation 9 3-(4-Mercapto-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

Step A 3-(4-Dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acidmethyl ester

3-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester (5.0 g, 25.75mmol) is dissolved into dry dioxane (100 mL) and combined with4-dimethylamino pyridine (0.500 g, 2.6 mmol), triethylamine (7.0 mL,51.5 mmol), and dimethylaminothiocarbomoyl chloride (4.5 g, 32.17 mmol).The reaction is heated to reflux under nitrogen. The reaction ismonitored by TLC until all of the phenol is consumed, 20 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the reaction is diluted with ethyl acetate(200 mL). Water (75 mL) is added and the two layers are separated. Theorganic layer is washed with brine (75 mL) then dried over anhydroussodium sulfate. The solvent is removed and the residue is dried undervacuum.

Step B 3-(4-Dimethylcarbamoylsulfanyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acidmethyl ester

3-(4-Dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester, taken crude from the previous step, is diluted with 75 mL oftetradecane and heated to reflux under nitrogen. The reaction ismonitored by TLC until all the conversion is complete, 20 h. Thereaction is allowed to cool to room temperature, then the tetradecane isdecanted away from the resulting oil. The residue is rinsed severaltimes with hexanes. This oil is then purified using flash columnchromatography, yielding 5.01 g, or 69% (2 steps) of the product.

Step C 3-(4-Mercapto-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

3-(4-Dimethylcarbamoylsulfanyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester (5.01 g, 17.8 mmol) is diluted with methanol (30 mL) and to thisis added sodium methoxide (1.7 mL of 4M in methanol, 7.23 mmol). Thereaction is heated to reflux under nitrogen and monitored by TLC. Aftercomplete conversion, 20 h., the reaction is allowed to cool to roomtemperature. The reaction is neutralized with 1N HCl (7.23 mL) anddiluted with ethyl acetate (150 mL). The two phases are separated andthe organic layer is washed with water (75 mL), then brine (75 mL). Theorganic layer is then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, thenconcentrated to yield 4.43 g crude product that is used without furtherpurification.

The following compounds were made in a similar manner starting fromcorresponding phenol analog

Preparation 10 (3-Chloro-4-mercapto-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

Preparation 11 3-(4-Mercapto-2-methyl-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propionicacid methyl ester

Preparation 12 (4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

Step A

4-Methoxy-2-methylbenzoic acid (2.5 g, 15.04 mmol) is stirred in thionylchloride (50 mL) at reflux 2 hr. The mixture is concentrated and dilutedwith toluene (10 mL) and concentrated. The resulting solid is driedunder vacuum 18 hr. The resulting acid chloride is stirred in 20 mLether at 0 deg C. A solution of diazomethane (39.6 mmol) in ether (150mL) is added to the acid chloride solution and stirred 18 hr. Theresulting diazoketone solution is concentrated. The residue is stirredin methanol (100 mL) and a solution of silver benzoate in triethylamine(1.0 g in 10 mL) is added and the reaction is heated to 60 deg C. andstirred 1 hr. The mixture is concentrated, diluted with 1.0 N aqueoushydrochloric acid (20 mL), extracted to three portions of ethyl acetate(50 mL each). The extracts are combined, washed with aqueous saturatedsodium hydrogen carbonate, water, and brine (50 mL each), dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue ispurified via silica gel chromatography eluting with 9:1 hexanes:ethylacetate to afford 1.5 g (51%) of the homologated ester as a white solid.

Step B

(4-Methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (1.5 g, 7.72 mmol)is stirred in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0 deg. C. Aluminum chloride(4.13 g, 31 mmol) is added followed by ethane thiol (2.9 mL, 38.6 mmol).The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hr. Water (50mL) is added and the product is extracted into ethyl acetate (3×50 ml),the extracts are combined, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorlessoil, 1.4 g, 100%. MS M⁺+1 181. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMRspectroscopy.

Preparation 13 (3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

Step A (3-Hydroxy-Phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-acetic acid (5.0 g, 32.86 mmol) is stirred inmethanol (100 mL) and concentrated (98%) sulfuric acid (3.0 mL,) isadded. The mixture is heated to reflux 18 hr. The reaction is cooled andconcentrated. The residue is diluted with water (100 mL) and extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined extracts are dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to yield thetitle compound as an orange oil, 5.46 g, 100%. MS M⁺+1 167. Thestructure is confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

The following compounds are made in a similar manner:

Preparation 14 (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

An orange oil. MS M⁺+1 197. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMRspectroscopy.

Preparation 15 3-(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

An orange oil. MS M⁺+1 181. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMRspectroscopy.

Preparation 16 (3-Mercapto-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

Step A (3-Dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

A mixture of (3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (5.5 g, 33.1mmol), N,N-dimethyl thiocarbamoyl chloride (5.11 g, 41.38 mmol),triethylamine (9.2 mL, 66.2 mmol), N,N-dimethylamino pyridine (0.4 g,3.31 mmol) and dioxane (50 mL) is stirred at reflux 18 hr. The mixtureis concentrated, partioned between 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid (200 mL)and ethyl acetate (3×75 mL). The combined organic extracts are driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and purifiedvia silica chromatography eluting the product with dichloromethane toafford the title compound as a brown oil, 6.8 g, 81%. MS M⁺+1 254. Thestructure is confirmed by i NMR spectroscopy.

Step B (3-Dimethylcarbamoylsulfanyl-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

(3-Dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (6.8 g,26.84 mmol) is stirred in tetradecane (30 mL) at 255 deg C. for 8 hr.The mixture is cooled, the residue is purified by silica chromatographyeluting the product with hexanes to 1:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate to affordthe title compound as an orange oil, 4.9 g, 58%. MS M⁺+1 254. Thestructure is confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

Step C (3-Mercapto-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

A mixture of (3-dimethylcarbamoylsulfanyl-phenyl)-acetic acid methylester (2.0 g, 7.9 mmol), potassium hydroxide (1.4 g, 24 mmol) methanol(50 mL), and water (5 mL) is stirred at reflux 3 hr. The mixture isconcentrated, and product partitioned between 1M aqueous hydrochloricacid (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (3×75 mL). The combined extracts aredried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. Theresidue is taken up in methanol (50 mL), 2 mL concentrated sulfuric acidis added, and the mixture refluxed 3 hr. The mixture is concentrated,and the residue purified by silica chromatography eluting with 7:3hexanes:ethyl acetate to afford the title compound as a pale yellow oil,1.0 g, 69%. MS M⁺+1 183. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMRspectroscopy.

Preparation 17 3-(4-Iodomethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester

Step A 3-(4-Hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester

A mixture of methyl-4-bromo-3-methylbenzoate (5.7 g, 24.88 mmol),lithium aluminum hydride (29 mL, 29 mmol, 1 M solution intetrahydrofuran) and tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) is stirred in ice/waterfor 1 hr. The reaction is quenched with aqueous hydrochloric acid (50mL, 1 M). The product is extracted into ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). Thecombined extracts are dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filteredand concentrated. The crude product is taken up in propionitrile (100mL). Methylacrylate (10 mL, 121.5 mmol), palladium acetate (1.12 g, 5mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (3.0 g, 10 mmol), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (8.7 mL, 50 mmol) are sequentially added and the resultingreaction mixture is heated to 110 deg C. 3 hr. The mixture isconcentrated, and the residue diluted with aqueous hydrochloric acid(100 mL, 1M). The product is extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 mL)and ethyl acetate (100 mL). The combined extracts are dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and purified viasilica chromatography eluting with 7:3 hexanes:ethyl acetate to 1:1hexanes:ethyl acetate to afford the pure product as a yellow oil, 4.7 g,91%. MS M⁺+1 207. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

Step B 3-(4-Hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 3-(4-Hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-acrylic acid methylester (4.7 g, 22.8 mmol), Raney nickel (0.668 g) and tetrahydrofuran(618 mL) is shaken under 60 psig. Hydrogen 24 hr. The catalyst isfiltered off, and the mixture is concentrated to afford the product as apale yellow oil, 4.3 g, 91%. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMRspectroscopy.

Step C 3-(4-Iodomethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 3-(4-Hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester (0.62 g, 2.98 mmol), triphenyl phosphine (0.86 g, 3.27 mmol) anddichloromethane (10 mL) is stirred at room temperature. A solution ofiodine (0.83 g, 3.27 mmol) in benzene (5 mL) is added and the blackmixture is stirred at room temperature 2 hr. The brown mixture isdiluted with 10% aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite (5 mL) and theresulting clear mixture is washed with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). Thecombined extracts are dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filteredand concentrated. The residue is purified via silica chromatographyeluting with 9:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate to afford the title compound as acrystalline ivory solid, 0.68 g, 72%. MS M⁺+1 319. The structure isconfirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

Preparation 18 (4-Bromo-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester

Step A (4-Bromo-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 4-bromo-2-methylphenol (1.0 g, 5.35 mmol), sodium hydride(0.26 g, 6.42 mmol, 60% mineral oil), N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL), andmethyl-2-bromoacetate (0.56 mL, 5.88 mmol) is stirred at roomtemperature 18 hr. The mixture is diluted with water (50 mL) and theproduct extracted to ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined extracts aredried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated andpurified via silica chromatography eluting with 8:2 hexanes:ethylacetate to afford title compound as a colorless oil, 1.03 g, 74%. MS M⁺259. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

Preparation 19 3-(4-Amino-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

Step A 3-(2-Methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester

To a solution of 2-bromo-5-nitrotoluene (3.11 g, 14.39 mmol) inpropionitrile (105 mL) is added DIPEA (5.1 mL, 29.28 mmol). The mixtureis degassed three times. Methyl acrylate (5.2 mL, 57.74 mmol) is addedand the mixture is degassed. Tri-o-tolylphosphine (1.77 g, 5.82 mmol)and Pd(OAc)₂ (0.64 g, 2.85 mmol) are added and the mixture is degassed afinal two times followed by heating at 110° C. for 4 h. Upon cooling,the mixture is passed through Celite and the filtrate is concentrated.The residue is partitioned between Et₂O and 1N HCl. The organics arewashed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The crudematerial is purified by flash chromatography to yield the title compound(2.90 g, 91%).

Step B 3-(4-Amino-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 3-(2-Methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acrylic acid methyl, ester(1.47 g, 6.64 mmol) and 5% Pd/C (0.29 g) in MeOH (100 mL) is exposed toa hydrogen atmosphere (60 psi) for 12 h. The mixture is filtered throughCelite and purified by flash chromatography to yield the title compound(0.99 g, 77%).

Preparation 20 3-(2-Methyl-4-methylaminomethyl-phenyl)-propionic acidmethyl ester TFA salt

Step A 3-(4-Formyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 3-(4-Hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester (0.49 g, 2.35 mmol) and MnO₂ (0.80 g, 9.20 mmol) in chloroform (5mL) is stirred at RT for 4 days. The mixture is filtered through Celite;the Celite is washed with copious amounts of EtOAc. The filtrate isconcentrated and purified by flash chromatography to yield the titlecompound (0.29 g, 60%).

Step B 3-(2-Methyl-4-methylaminomethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester trifluoroacetic acid

To a mixture of 3-(4-Formyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester(0.27 g, 1.31 mmol) and methylamine (2M in THF, 0.60 mL, 1.20 mmol) inanhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) is added 4 Å molecular sieves followed byacetic acid (0.090 mL, 1.57 mmol). The mixture is stirred at RT for 1.5h. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.39 g, 1.85 mmol) is added, and themixture is stirred overnight. The reaction is quenched with saturatedNaHCO₃. The organics are washed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, anddried with MgSO₄. Upon concentration, the mixture is purified by reversephase chromatography to yield the title compound (0.12 g, 45%).

Preparation 21 3-(4-Aminomethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester

Step A 3-(4-Chloromethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

To a 0° C. solution of 3-(4-Hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionicacid methyl ester (1.02 g, 4.90 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) isadded triethylamine (0.75 mL, 5.38 mmol) followed by thionyl chloride(0.40 mL, 5.48 mmol). The mixture is allowed to warm to RT overnight.Water is added, and the mixture is extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organicsare dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude material is purified byflash chromatography to yield the title compound (1.01 g, 91%).

Step B 3-(4-Azidomethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

To a solution of 3-(4-Chloromethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acidmethyl ester (0.52 g, 2.31 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) is added sodium azide(0.25 g, 3.84 mmol). The mixture is stirred overnight. Water is added,and the mixture is extracted with EtOAc. The organics are dried withNa₂SO₄ and concentrated to yield the title compound (0.49 g, 91%). Thematerial is used without further purification.

Step C 3-(4-Aminomethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-pro-ionic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 3-(4-Azidomethyl-2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methylester (0.20 g, 0.86 mmol) and 5% Pd/C (32 mg) in EtOH (50 mL) is exposedto a hydrogen atmosphere (60 psi) at RT overnight. Upon filtering themixture through Celite, the filtrate is concentrated to yield the titlecompound (0.14 g, 78%). The material is used without furtherpurification.

Preparation 22 4-(2-Methoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-3-methyl-benzoic acid

Step A 4-Bromo-3-methyl-benzoic acid benzyl ester

To a solution of 4-Bromo-3-methyl-benzoic acid benzyl (25.3 g, 0.118mol) in DMF (200 mL) is added Cs2CO3 (76.6 g, 0.235 mol), followed bybenzyl bromide (15.4 mL). After stirred at room temperature for 2 h, thereaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, filtered through celite.The filtrate is washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate,concentration yields the title product.

Step B 4-(2-Methoxycarbonyl-vinyl)-3-methyl-benzoic acid benzyl ester

To a solution of 4-bromo-3-methyl-benzoic acid benzyl ester (36 g, 118mmol) in propronitrile (1000 mL) is added methyl acrylate (43.3 mL) anddiisopropylethyl amine (42 mL), the solution is degassed and filled withnitrogen for three times. To this mixture are addedtri-o-tolyl-phosphane (14.5 g) and palladium acetate (5.34 g) undernitrogen, then heated at 110° C. overnight, cooled to room temperature,filtered through celite. The solvent is evaporated, the residue is takeninto ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine, dried over sodiumsulfate. Concentration and column chromatography on silica gel elutedwith hexanes and ethyl acetate yields the title compound (31 g, 84.7%).

Step C 4-(2-Methoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-3-methyl-benzoic acid

A mixture of 4-(2-methoxycarbonyl-vinyl)-3-methyl-benzoic acid benzylester (11.6 g, 37.4 mmol) and Pd/C (5%, 1.5 g) in THF (300 mL) andmethanol (100 mL) is stirred under 60 psi of hydrogen overnight.Catalyst is filtered off, filtrate is concentrated giving the titlecompound (8.3 g, 100%).

Preparation 23 2-(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionic acid ethyl ester

Step A 2-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of LDA (2M, 16.5 mL) in THF (10 mL) at −70 0 C was added asolution of (3-methoxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (5.4 g, 30 mmol)in THF (10 mL). After 40 minutes at −70 0 C, iodomethane (2.5 mL, 40mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight.It was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1N HCl. The organic layer wasdried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to give the titled compound as anoil: 5.9 g (quant.)

Step B 2-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-2-methyl-pro-ionic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of LDA (2M, 11.4 mL) in THF (10 mL) at −70 0 C was added asolution of 2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (4 g, 20.6mmol) in THF (10 mL). After 1 hour at −70 0 C, iodomethane (1.7 mL, 26.8mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight. It was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl. The organicwas concentrated to give the titled compound as an oil: 4 g (93%).

Step C 2-(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of 2-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionic acid ethylester (4 g, 19.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0 0 C was addedBBr3 (1 M in dichloromethane, 50 mL). After 2 hours at ambienttemperature, it was quenched with MeOH. Solvent was evaporated and theresidue was partitioned between EtOAc and 1N HCl. The organic wasconcentrated and purified by column chromatography (0 to 30% EtOAc inhexanes) to give the titled compound as a solid: 2.6 g (70%).

ESMS-: 193 (M−1); ¹H NMR is consistent with desired product.

Preparation 24 3-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acidmethyl ester

Step A 2-Methyl-4-anisaldehyde

A mixture of 2,3-dimethylanisole (50 g, 0.37 mol), Cu²⁺ sulfatepentahydrate (90 g, 0.36 mol), and potassium peroxydisulfate (301 g,1.11 mol) in acetonitrile/water (1:1, 2.6 L) was stirred vigorously andheated to reflux for 30 minutes. Thin layer chromatography(Hexane:EtOAc, 8:2) showed no starting material and one new spot. Thereaction was cooled to room temperature and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4 L)and washed with water (2 L). The layers were separated and the aqueouslayer was again extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layers were combinedand concentrated, 55 g obtained (˜100%), product was taken on as is.¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 10.05 (s, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 6.95 (m, 1H), 6.88 (s,1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.6 (s, 3H).

Step B 4-Methoxy-2-methylbenzyl alcohol

NaBH₄ (14.82 g, 0.39 mol) was added to a solution of2-Methyl-4-anisaldehyde (55 g, 0.37 mol) in EtOH (800 mL). TLC showsmultiple spots but a disappearance of starting material. The reactionwas quenched with water (3 L), acidified with 5 N HCl, and extractedwith Et₂O. The organics were separated and concentrated. The crudeproduct was purified by Biotage 75L (Hexane:EtOAc, 9:1) to afford 17.35g (30%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.22, (m, 1H), 6.7 (m, 2H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 3.8(s, 3H), 2.4 (s, 3H).

Step C Acetic acid 4-methoxy-2-methyl-benzyl ester

A solution of 4-Methoxy-2-methylbenzyl alcohol (17.35 g, 0.114 mol) inCH₂Cl₂ (900 mL) was cooled 0·C. TEA (23.3 mL, 0.167 mol) and acetylchloride (9.3 mL, 0.131 mol) were added. The reaction was allowed tostir for 1 h and was then quenched with 1N HCl, washed with aq. NaHCO₃,brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to an oil (22.14 g, ˜100%).¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.24 (m, 1H), 6.73 (m, 2H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H),2.33 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).

Step D 3-(4-Methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid methylester

Acetic acid 4-methoxy-2-methyl-benzyl ester (22.14 g, 0.114 mol) wasdissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and treated with1-methoxy-1trimethylsiloxy-2-methyl-1-propene (53.3 g, 0.306 mol) andMg(ClO₄)₂ (2.58 g, 0.012 mol). The reaction was stirred overnight atroom temperature. Upon completion the reaction was washed with water,brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The crude product was purified (Biotage75M (Hexane:EtOAc, 9:1•8:2)) to obtain 18.7 g (70%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃):6.97 (d, 1H), 6.7 (m, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.85 (s, 2H), 2.3(s, 3H), 1.2 (s, 6H).

Step E 3-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-Propionic acid methyl ester

BBr₃ (1M in CH₂Cl₂, 79 ml) was cooled to 0•C and3-(4-Methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid methyl ester(9.35 g, 0.0395 mol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes. After stirringfor 1 h at 0•C the reaction was quenched with 1:1 MeOH: CH₂Cl₂. Theorganics were concentrated and the resulting oil was run through a plugof silica gel with Hexane:EtOAc (8:2). Fractions 1,2 were concentratedand 7.5 g (85%) of the desired compound were isolated. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃):6.87 (d, 1H), 6.6 (m, 2H), 4.9 (bs, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.82 (s, 2H),2.22 (s, 3H), 1.2 (s, 6H).

Preparation 25 2-(4-Hydroxy-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid ethyl ester

Preparation 26 2-(4-Hydroxy-phenylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionic acidethyl ester

Preparation 27 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate

Step A 3-iodobenzyloxybenzene

Sodium hydride (mineral dispersion 60%) (1.36 g, 34.10 mmol) is addedslowly to a solution of 3-iodophenol (5.0 g, 22.73 mmol) and TABI (0.84g, 2.27 mmol) in THF (113 mL), and the mixture is stirred overnight. Thecrude is treated with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layersare combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting withhexane: EtOAc 10:1 provides the title compound (7.00 g, 99%). Rf=0.77(hexane: EtOAc 5:1). ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): 5.03 (s, 2H), 6.93 (m,1H), 7.02 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.27-7.34 (m,7H)

Step B 3-ethylbenzyloxybenzene

Copper (I) chloride (0.016 g, 0.17 mmol), ethyl iodide (0.40 mL, 5.03mmol) and diethyl zinc (1.0 M, THF) (4.61 mL, 4.61 mmol) are addedsuccessively to a solution of manganese bromide (0.054 g, 0.25 mmol) in1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone (4.20 mL), and themixture is stirred at for 4 h. A solution of 3-iodobenzyloxybenzene (1.3g, 4.19 mmol) and dichloro(diphenylphosphinoferrocene)-Pd(II) (DCMcomplex) (0.14 g, 0.17 mmol) in THF (21 mL) is added, and the mixture isstirred under reflux for 2.5 h. The mixture is cooled to r.t. and HCl 1Nis added. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers arecombined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting withhexane: EtOAc 20:1 provides the title compound (0.81 g, 91%). Rf=0.82(hexane: EtOAc 5:1). ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.30 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz),2.70 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 5.11 (s, 2H), 6.86-6.91 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.53 (m,6H).

Step C 4-bromo-3-ethylbenzyloxybenzene

N-bromosuccinimide (0.75 g, 4.20 mmol) is added to a solution of3-ethylbenzyloxybenzene (0.81 g, 3.82 mmol) in ACN (19 mL) and themixture is stirred for an hour. The solvent is evaporated in vacuo andthe resultant is purified by flash chromatography, eluting with hexane:EtOAc 20:1 to give the title compound (1.09 g, 98%). Rf=0.74 (hexane:EtOAc 5:1). ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.22 (t, 3H, JL=7.5 Hz), 2.72 (q,2H, J=7.5 Hz), 5.04 (s, 2H), 6.69 (dd, 1H, J=3.0, 8.6 Hz), 6.88 (d, 2H,J=3.0 Hz), 7.32-7.45 (m, 6H).

Step D 4-benzyloxy-2-ethyl-ethyl trans-cinnamate

A mixture of 4-bromo-3-ethylbenzyloxybenzene (0.95 g, 3.27 mmol),palladium acetate (0.073 g, 0.33 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.20 g,0.65 mmol), DIPEA (1.14 mL, 6.53 mmol) and ethyl acrylate (1.42 mL,13.06 mmol) in propionitrile (49 mL) is stirred at 90° C. under nitrogenovernight. The solution is filtered through Celite and washed withEtOAc. The mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure. Purificationby flash chromatography, eluting with hexane: EtOAc 10:1 provides thetitle compound (0.43 g, 43%). Rf=0.22 (hexane: EtOAc 20:1). ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃): 1.25 (t, 3H, J=7.7 Hz), 1.37 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 2.80 (q,2H, J=7.7 Hz), 4.30 (q, 2H, JL=7.3 Hz), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.32 (d, 1H,J=15.7 Hz), 6.83-6.87 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.47 (m, 5H), 7.56 (d, 1H, J=8.5Hz), 8.01 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz).

Step E

A solution of 4-benzyloxy-2-ethyl-ethyl trans-cinnamate (0.43 g, 1.39mmol) and pd/C (10%) (0.074 g, 0.07 mmol) in methanol (14 mL) is stirredunder 1 atm of hydrogen. After 4 h, the mixture is filtered throughCelite and washed with metanol and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with hexane: EtOAc 5:1provides the title compound (0.29 g, 63%). Rf: 0.17 (hexane: EtOAc 5:1).¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.19 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.26 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz),2.54-2.63 (m, 4H), 2.87-2.92 (m, 2H), 4.16 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 5.94 (s,1H), 6.62 (dd, 1H, J=2.6, 8.3 Hz), 6.70 (d, 1H, J=2.6 Hz), 6.99 (d, 1H,J=8.3 Hz).

Preparation 28

Step A 3-propylbenzyloxybenzene

Copper (I) chloride (0.016 g, 0.17 mmol), propyl iodide (0.49 mL, 5.03mmol) and diethyl zinc (1.0 M, THF) (4.61 mL, 4.61 mmol) is addedsuccessively to a solution of manganese bromide (0.054 g, 0.25 mmol) in1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone (4.20 mL), and themixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 h. A solution of 3-iodobenzyloxybenzene(Example 250, Step A) (1.3 g, 4.19 mmol) anddichloro-(diphenylphosphinoferrocene)palladium (II) (DCM complex) (0.14g, 0.17 mmol) in THF (21 mL) is added, and the mixture is stirred underreflux for 2.5 h. The mixture is cooled to r.t. and 1N HCl is added. Themixture is extracted with EtOAc, and the organic layers are combined,dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with hexane:EtOAc 20:1 provides the title compound together with 25% of3-ethylbenzyloxybenzene (0.85 g, 81% overall). Rf=0.82 (hexane: EtOAc5:1). ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.13-1.20 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.92 (m, 2H),2.74-2.85 (m, 2H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 7.00-7.03 (m, 3H), 7.37-7.61 (m, 6H).

Step B 4-bromo-3-propylbenzyloxybenzene

N-bromosuccinimide (0.66 g, 3.74 mmol) is added to a solution of3-propylbenzyloxybenzene (0.85 g, 3.40 mmol) in ACN (17 mL), and themixture is stirred for an hour. The solvent is evaporated in vacuo andpurified by flash chromatography by eluting with hexane: EtOAc 20:1 togive the title compound together with 25% of4-bromo-3-ethylbenzyl-oxybenzene (1.03 g, 99% overall). Rf=0.74 (hexane:EtOAc 5:1). ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.00 (t, 3H. J=7.2 Hz), 1.65 (sext,2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.71 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 5.05 (s, 2H), 6.71 (dd, 1H,J=3.0, 8.6 Hz), 6.91 (d, 2H, J=3.0 Hz), 7.32-7.47 (m, 6H).

Step C 4-benzyloxy-propylbenzaldehyde

n-BuLi (1.6 M in hexane) (7.03 mL, 11.25 mmol) is added to a solution of4-bromo-3-propylbenzyloxybenzene (2.29 g, 7.50 mmol) in THF (30 mL)under nitrogen at −78° C., and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes.N-Formylpiperidine (1.25 mL, 11.25 mmol) is added and stirred for 4 h.The mixture is allowed to gradually warm up to −40° C., and then wateris added and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are combined,dried and filtered, and then the solvent is evaporated in vacuo.Purification by flash chromatography by eluting with hexane: EtOAc 10:1provides the title compound together with 25% of4-bromo-3-ethylbenzyloxybenzene (1.00 g, 52% overall). Rf=0.63 (hexane:EtOAc 5:1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.26 (t, 3H, J=7.7 Hz), 1.65 (sext,2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.99 (q, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 5.13 (s, 2H), 6.84-6.94 (m, 2H),7.33-7.46 (m, 5H), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 10.12 (s, 1H).

Step D 4-benzyloxy-2-propyl-ethyl trans-cinnamate

Method 1: A mixture of 4-bromo-3-ethylbenzyl-oxybenzene (0.56 g, 1.85mmol), palladium acetate (0.042 g, 0.18 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine(0.11 g, 0.37 mmol), DIPEA (0.64 mL, 3.70 mmol) and ethyl acrylate (0.80mL, 7.42 mmol) in propionitrile (28 mL) is stirred at 90° C. a undernitrogen overnight. The mixture is filtered through Celite, washed withEtOAc and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography by eluting with hexane: EtOAc 10:1 provides the titlecompound with a 25% of 4-benzyloxy-2-ethyl-ethyl trans-cinnamate (0.22g, 37% overall).

Method 2: Triethylphosphono acetate (0.15 mL, 0.74 mmol) is added to asolution of 4-benzyloxy-proylbenzaldehyde (Step C) (0.16 g, 0.62 mmol)and potassium carbonate (0.26 g, 1.86 mmol) in ethanol (2.10 mL), andthe mixture is stirred under reflux for 2.5 h. The mixture is cooled tor.t. and water is added. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc, and theorganic layers are combined, dried and filtered. The solvent isevaporated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography by elutingwith hexane: EtOAc 5:1 provides the title compound together with 25% of4-benzyloxy-2-ethyl-ethyl trans-cinnamate (0.17 g, 86% overall). Rf=0.22(hexane: EtOAc 20:1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.99 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz),1.25 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.58-1.69 (m, 2H), 2.75 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.29(q, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 5.10 (s, 2H), 6.31 (d, 1H, J=15.7 Hz), 6.85 (d, 2H,J=7.3 Hz), 7.35-7.47 (m, 5H), 7.56 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 8.00 (d, 1H,J=15.7 Hz)

Step E 4-hydroxy-2-propyl-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate

A solution of 4-benzyloxy-2-propyl-ethyl trans-cinnamate (0.44 g, 1.35mmol) and pd/C (10%) (0.14 g, 0.14 mmol) in methanol (13 mL) is stirredunder 1 atm of hydrogen. After 4 h, the mixture is filtered throughCelite, washed with metanol, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash chromatography by eluting with hexane: EtOAc 5:1provides the title compound (0.17 g, 54%) with a 25% of4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate. The mixture is separated byHPLC (reverse phase purification) under acidic conditions(ACN:TFA=99.95:0.05). Rf=0.17 (hexane: EtOAc 5:1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃): 0.97 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.26 (t, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.59 (sext, 2H,J=7.5 Hz), 2.55 (q, 4H, J=8.9 Hz), 2.89 (t, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 4.16 (q, 2H,J=7.13 Hz), 5.72 (s, 1H), 6.71 (dd, 1H, J=3.0, 8.1 Hz), 6.67 (d, 1H,J=2.6 Hz), 6.99 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz

Preparation 29 Preparation of 4-(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-butyric acidethyl ester

Step A 4-benzyloxy-2-methyl bromobenzene

To a solution of 15 g (80.2 mmol) of 4-bromo-3-methyl-phenol and 1.5 g(10% in weight) of tetrebutylammonium iodide in THF (100 ml) is added60% NaH (2.88 gr, 120 mmol) at 0²C. After the mixture is stirred at 0°C. for 30 min, benzyl bromide (14.3 ml 120 mmol) is added drop wise. Thereaction is stirred at r.t. overnight under argon atmosphere. Then thereaction is poured into ice-water and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 ml).The organic extracts are dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The titlecompound (16.5 g, 66%) is isolated by precipitation in hexane.

Step B 4-(4-benzyloxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid

A solution of 4-benzyloxy-2-methyl bromobenzene (4 g, 14.4 mmol) in THF(25 ml) is added drop wise over a mixture of Mg (414 mg, 17.3 mmol),1,2-dibromoethane (a few drops) and I₂ (a crystal) at 70° C. under argonatmosphere. After the addition is completed, the mixture is stirred at70° C. for 3 hours. Grignard reagent is added over a solution ofsuccinic anhydride (1.73 gr, 17.3 mmol) and Fe(acac)₃ (254 mg, 0.7 mmol)in 25 ml of THF over argon atmosphere and is stirred overnight at r.t.The reaction is quenched with sat NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (3×50ml). The organic phase is basified with 2N NaOH, and the aqueous phaseis washed with EtOAc (3×50 ml). The aqueous phase is acidified with 2NHCl and then extracted with EtOAc (3×50 ml), dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated to give 3.4 g (40%) of the title compound. The crude isused for the next step without further purification.

Step C 4-(4-benzyloxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester

A solution of 4-(4-benzyloxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid (1.6 g,5.6 mmol) and H₂SO₄ (1 ml) in EtOH (50 ml) is stirred at 80° C.overnight. The solvent is evaporated, and water (100 ml) and sat. NaHCO₃is added up to pH=9. The aqueous phase is extracted with EtOAc (3×50 ml)and the organics are dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give about 1.3g (71%) of the title compound, which is used for the next step withoutfurther purification.

Step D 4-(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-butyric acid ethyl ester

A mixture of 4-(4-benzyloxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid ethylester (1.2 g, 3.4 mmol), Pd/C (120 mg) 10% in 10 ml of ACOH ishydrogenated at 60 psi overnight. The mixture is filtered over celite,washed with EtOH and evaporated. Water (50 ml) and saturated NaHCO₃ areadded until neutral pH is achieved. The aqueous phase is extracted withAcOEt (3×50 ml), and the organic phase is dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated. The crude is purificated using silica gel chromatography(hexane/EtOAc 6:1) to afford 700 mg (92%) of the title compound.

Preparation 30 Preparation of 4-hydroxy-2-fluoro-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate

Step A 3-fluorobenzyloxyphenol

Benzyl bromide (2.9 mL, 24.08 mmol) is added to a suspension of3-fluorophenol (3.0 g, 26.76 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 28.94 mmol) in DMF(30 mL), and the mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h. It is acidifiedwith diluted HCl (1 M) and partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O. Theorganic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated, and the product ispurified by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (3% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford4.7 g of the title compound (87%, colorless oil).

Step B 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzyloxyphenol

NBS (2.11 g, 11.88 mmol) is added to a solution of3-fluorobenzyl-oxyphenol (2.4 g, 11.88 mmol) in CH₃CN (50 mL, HPLCgrade). The mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight (c.a. 14 h) andextracted with EtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer is dried, filtered andconcentrated, and the resulting crude residue is flash chromatographedon SiO₂ (5% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 3.3 g of title compound (99%, whitesolid).

Step C 3-fluoro-4-ethylacrylate-benzyloxyphenol

Ethyl acrylate (6.73 mL, 74.73 mmol) is added to a solution of4-bromo-3-fluorobenzyloxyphenol (3.5 g, 12.455 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (280 mg,1.245 mmol), P(o-tol)₃ (758 mg, 2.49 mmol) and DIPEA (6.5 mL, 37.37mmol) in EtCN (80 mL, HPLC grade). The mixture is warmed to 95° C. andstirred at that temperature for 1 h. It is allowed to reach r.t.,filtered trough Celite and partitioned between EtOAc and H O. Theorganic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated, and the resultingcrude is flash chromatographed on SiO₂ (2-3% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford2.05 g of the Heck product (55%, white solid).

Step D 4-hydroxy-2-fluoro-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate

Palladium (120 mg, 10% on activated carbon, 0.112 mmol) is added to asolution of the fluorobenzyloxy compound of Step C (1.2 g, 4.0 mmol),and the mixture is stirred under H₂ atmosphere (H₂ balloon) overnight(c.a. 14 h). The mixture is filtered trough Celite, and the solvent isremoved in a rotatory evaporator. The crude residue is flashchromatographed on SiO₂ (10-20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 510 mg of thetitle compound (60%, colorless oil).

Preparation 31 4-hydroxy-2-chloro-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate

Step A 4-bromo-3-chlorobenzyloxyphenol

Benzyl bromide (0.83 mL, 6.95 mmol) is added to a suspension of3-chloro-4-bromophenol (1.0 g, 4.82 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (960 mg, 6.95 mmol)in DMF (25 mL), and the mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h. It isacidified with diluted HCl (1 M) and partitioned between Et₂O and H₂O.The organic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated, and the productis purified by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (1-2% EtOAc/hexanes) toafford 1.39 g of the title compound (97%, white solid).

Step B 3-chloro-4-ethylacrylate-benzyloxyphenol

Ethyl acrylate (5.0 mL, 55.5 mmol) is added to a solution of4-bromo-3-chlorobenzyloxyphenol (2.7 g, 9.08 mmol), palladium acetate(215 mg, 0.96 mmol), P(o-tol)₃ (550 mg, 1.8 mmol) and Et₃N (3 mL, 21.5mmol) in EtCN (100 mL, HPLC grade). The mixture is warmed to 95²C andstirred at that temperature overnight (c.a.16 h). It is allowed to reachr.t., filtered trough Celite and partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O. Theorganic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated, and the resultingcrude is flash chromatographed on SiO₂ (5% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 1.79g of the Heck product (62%, white solid).

Step C 4-hydroxy-2-chloro-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate

Palladium (121 mg, 10% on activated carbon, 0.113 mmol) is added to asolution of the chlorobenzyloxyphenol (1.2 g, 3.79 mmol), and themixture is stirred under H₂ atmosphere (H₂ balloon) overnight (c.a. 14h). The mixture is filtered trough Celite, and the solvent is removed ina rotatory evaporator. The crude residue is flash chromatographed onSiO₂ (5-10% EtOAc/hexanes), and repurified by HPLC (normal phase) toafford 515 mg of the title compound (93%, colorless oil).

Preparation 32 Preparation of 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-phenylsulfanyl-aceticacid ethyl ester

Step A 3-ethylbenzyloxyphenol

Benzyl bromide (4.92 mL, 41.36 mmol) is added to a suspension of3-ethylphenol (5.055 g, 41.36 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (8.5 g, 61.5 mmol) inCH₃CN (50 mL, HPLC grade), and the mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h.The mixture is acidified with diluted HCl (1M) and partitioned betweenEtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated,and the product is purified by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (3%EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 8.3 g of 3-ethylbenzyloxyphenol (94%, colorlessoil)

Step B 4-bromo-3-ethylbenzyloxyphenol

NBS (1.68 g, 9.438 mmol) is added to a solution of3-ethylbenzyl-oxyphenol (2 g, 9.433 mmol) in CH₃CN (30 mL, HPLC grade).The mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight (c.a. 14 h) and extracted withEtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated,and the resulting crude residue is flash chromatographed on SiO₂ (2%EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 2.3 g of the bromide (84%, colorless oil).

Step C 4-benzyloxy-2-ethyl-phenylsulfanyl-acetic acid ethyl ester

Tert-BuLi (5.25 mL, 1.7 M solution, 8.94 mmol) is added to a −78° C.cooled solution of 4-bromo-3-ethylbenzyloxyphenol (1.3 g, 4.467 mmol) inTHF (20 mL). The mixture is stirred at low temperature for 30 min andallowed to reach r.t. Sulfur (150 mg, 4.68 mmol) is added in oneportion, and the reaction is stirred at r.t. for 5 min.Ethylbromoacetate (2.5 mL, 22.33 mmol) is added, and the mixture isstirred at r.t. overnight (c.a. 14 h). It is quenched with NH₄Cl (sat)and extracted with EtOAc/H₂O. The organic layer is dried, filtered andconcentrated, and the crude residue is flash chromatographed on SiO₂(2˜4% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 490 mg of the title compound (33%,colorless oil).

Step D 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-phenylsulfanyl-acetic acid ethyl ester

TiCl₄ (1.3 mL, 1 M solution in CH₁₂Cl, 1.3 mmol) is added to a −78° C.cooled solution of the benzyloxyphenol (400 mg, 1.21 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (12mL), and the mixture is allowed to reach 0° C., and then r.t. andstirred for 4 h. The reaction is quenched with H₂O and diluted withCH₂Cl₂. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried, filtered andconcentrated. The crude residue is flash chromatographed on SiO₂(5-10-15% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 160 mg of the title compound (55%,colorless oil).

Preparation 33 Preparation of 4-hydroxy-2,6 dimethyl-dihydro-ethylcinnamate

Step A 3,5-dimethyl-4-bromobenzyloxyphenol

Benzyl bromide (1.53 mL, 12.86 mmol) is added to a suspension of3,5-dimethyl-4-bromophenol (2.6 g, 12.93 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.2 g, 14.47mmol) in CH₃CN (30 mL, HPLC grade). The mixture is stirred at r.t. for16 h. It is acidified with diluted HCl (1 M) and partitioned betweenEtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated,and the product is purified by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (5%EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 3.66 g of the benzyloxyphenol (97%, whitesolid).

Step B 3,5-dimethyl-4-ethylacrylate-benzyloxyphenol

Ethyl acrylate (6 mL, 66.6 mmol) is added to a solution of3,5-dimethyl-4-bromobenzyloxyphenol (3.6 g, 12.37 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (280mg, 1.247 mmol), P(o-tol)₃ (750 mg, 2.464 mmol) and DIPEA (6 mL, 34.4mmol) in EtCN (50 mL, HPLC grade). The mixture is warmed to 95° C. andstirred at that temperature for 36 h. It is allowed to reach r.t.,filtered trough Celite and partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O. Theorganic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated, and the resultingcrude is flash chromatographed on SiO₂ (2% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 2.59g of the Heck product (68%, white solid).

Step C 4-hydroxy-2,6 dimethyl-dihydro-ethyl cinnamate

Palladium (1 g, 10% on activated carbon, 0.94 mmol) is added to asolution of the benzyloxyphenol obtained in Step B (2.5 g, 8.012 mmol),and the mixture is stirred under H₂ atmosphere (H₂ balloon) overnight.The mixture is filtered trough Celite, and the solvent is removed. Thecrude residue is flash chromatographed on SiO₂ (10% EtOAc/hexanes) toafford 1.4 g of the title compound (79%, white solid).

Preparation 34 2-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acidethyl ester

A solution of 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester (2.0 g, 6.75 mmol) in EtOAc (100 mL) is treated with10% Palladium on carbon (0.5 g) and stirred under hydrogen (1 atm). Thereaction stirred for 3 hours. The reaction is filtered through celite,and the filtrate is concentrated to afford 1.3 g (94%) of titlecompound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃); MS (ES⁺) m/z mass calcd for C₂₀H₂₂O₃310, found 311 (M+1, 100%).

Preparation 35 (6-Hydroxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Step A 4-(3-Methoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester

Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate (32.6 g, 0.188 mol), 3-methoxythiophenol(25.1 g, 0.179 mol) and DMF (700 mL) are combined and degassed bybubbling nitrogen through the stirred mixture for about 10 min, thenpotassium carbonate (50 g, 0.36 mol) is added to the stirred mixture inone batch. This mixture is stirred under nitrogen at room temperaturefor 2 h, the mixture is filtered to remove potassium carbonate, thendiluted with ethyl acetate. The resulting solution is washed with water,then 5% aq. NaCl. The combined organics are washed with brine, driedover Na₂SO₄. Concentration yields the title compound as yellow liquid.This material is used without purification.

Step B (6-Methoxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

4-(3-Methoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester (10.0 g) isadded to pre-cooled methanesulfonic acid (60 mL) at 0˜5° C., then thereaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature. After 1 h, themixture is diluted with ice water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Thecombined organics are washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄,concentrated. Chromatography on silica gel elited with hexanes and ethylacetate yields (6-methoxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester(4.8 g) and (4-methoxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester(0.8 g)

Step C (6-hydroxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of (6-Methoxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethylester (2.4 g, 9.6 mmol) in methylene chloride (60 mL) is added BBr3 (1.0M, heptane, 29.4 mL, 29.4 mmol) at −20-˜30° C. The reaction mixture isallowed to warm to room temperature over 2 hrs, and TLC indicated cleanconversion. The reaction is quenched by ice water, extracted withmethylene chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated. Columnchromatography on silica gel eluted with hexanes/ethyl acetate yieldsthe title compound (2.2 g).

Preparation 36 (4-Hydroxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of (4-Methoxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethylester (0.7 g, 2.8 mmol) in methylene chloride (18 mL) is added BBr3 (1.0M, heptane, 8.6 mL, 8.6 mmol) at −20˜−30° C. The reaction mixture isallowed to warm to room temperature over 2 hrs, and TLC indicated cleanconversion. The reaction is quenched by ice water, extracted withmethylene chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated. Columnchromatography on silica gel eluted with hexanes/ethyl acetate yieldsthe title compound (0.4 g).

Preparation 37 (6-Hydroxy-benzofuran-3-yl)-acetic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 6-hydroxy-(2H)-benzofuran-3-one (5.0 g, 33.3 mmol), methyl(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate (25.0 g, 73 mmol), and xylenes (100mL) is refluxed 6 hr. The reaction is concentrated and diluted withenough 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid to adjust pH to 2-3. The product isextracted into ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined extracts are driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residueis purified via silica chromatography eluting with 7:3 hexanes:ethylacetate to afford the product as a orange oil, 1.3 g, 20%. MS M⁺+1 207.The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

The following compound is made in a similar manner:

Preparation 38 2-(6-Hydroxy-benzofuran-3-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester

An orange oil. MS M⁺+1 221. The structure is confirmed by ¹H NMRspectroscopy.

Preparation 39 (6-Mercapto-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-acetic acid ethylester

This compound was made from the corresponding phenol analog.

Preparation 40[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-yl]-methanol

Step A

A solution of bromine (0.2056 mol, 32.85 g) in anhydrous dichloromethane(50 mL) is added dropwise over 2 h. to a solution of2-oxo-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.2056 mol, 35 g) indichloromethane (200 mL) at 0° C.-5° C. After the addition, the mixtureis allowed to stir 0.5 h. at 0° C., then the ice bath is removed and themixture is allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction ismonitored by TLC and HPLC until complete consumtion of startingmaterial, then ice water (200 mL) is added with stirring. The organiclayer is collected and washed twice with ice water (200 mL), twice with200 mL of 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate, and 200 mL of brine. Thefiltered solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, thenconcentrated to a clear liquid, 0.189 mol, 47 g. 92% yield. *Actually amix of methyl/ethyl ester due to impure starting ester(10% methyl ester)

Step B

4-trifluoromethyl-thiobenzamide(48.7 mmol, 10 g) is dissolved indenatured ethanol (200 mL) and 3-bromo-2-oxo-cyclohexanecarboxylic acidethyl ester (12.4 g, 50 nmol) is added, then the reaction is heatedunder nitrogen to reflux. The reaction is monitored by TLC and HPLC tocomplete consumption of the thioamide, and then allowed to cool. Thecooled reaction is concentrated and diluted with 250 mL ethyl acetate.The residue is washed with 100 mL saturated sodium bicarbonate followedby water and brine. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, then concentrated and purified by column chromatrography. Thefractions that contained pure product are concentrated to yield 5.06 g(30.6%) ester as a solid.

Step C THF (50 mL) solution of2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester (4.13 g, 11.6 mmol) is cooled to 0° C. and a 1 M LiAlH₄(11.6 mL, 11.6 mmol) is added slowly. The reaction is warmed to roomtemperature slowly, after stirring at room temperature for 2 h, tlc (15%EtOAc/hexane) showed that all the starting ester had been consumed. Thereaction is cooled and carefully quenched with 2.4 mL water, 2.4 mL 5NNaOH and 7 mL water. The light tan solid is filter through celite anddried to give crude product (2.74 g, 8.74 mmol). The racemic alcohol[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-yl]-methanolis resolved on a Chiralpak AD column (4.6×250 mm). Eluted with ethanolin heptane(9:1) and concentrated the fractions to provide pureenantiomer alcohols (isomer 1, 100% ee and isomer 2, 98.2% ee).

The following compounds are obtained in a substantially similarprocedure:

Preparation 41[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-yl]-methanol

Preparation 42[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-yl]-methanol

Preparation 43[7-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazol-4-yl]-methanol

Preparation 44 [2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-cyclooctathiazol-4-yl]-methanol

Preparation 45 3-Bromo-2-oxo-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of 2-oxo-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (30 g,0.176 mol) in ether is added bromine (29.6 g, 0.185 mol) dropwise atroom temperature, then stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reactionmixture is quenched by water, and layers are separated. Organic layer iswashed with Na2S2O4 and brine, dried over sodium sulfate.

Concentration under vacuum gave the title compound, which is used fornext step without further purification.

Preparation 46 2-Amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester

To a solution of thiourine (15 g, 0.197 mol) in ethanol (400 mL) isadded 3-Bromo-2-oxo-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (44.7 g,0.179 mol) dropwise. After stirred at room temperature for 2 days, thereaction mixture is poured into ice, basified with 5N NaOH. Solid isformed when the mixture is basic. Filtration gave a solid product, driedunder vacuum (37 g, 91.3% yield).

Preparation 47 2-Bromo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester

To a solution of CuSO4 11.6 g, 72.7 mmol) and sulfuric acid (139 mL) inwater (324 mL) is added2-Amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester(11.3 g, 50 mmol) and a solution of sodium bromide (10.3 g, 100 mmol) inwater (46 mL) at −10° C. Then a solution of sodium nitrite (6 g, 87mmol) in water (46 mL) is added beneath the reaction mixture surface viaa TFE tubing connected at the tip of the additional funnel. Afteraddition, the reaction mixture is warmed to room temperature. Thereaction mixture is extracted with ether, combined organic layers arewashed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate. Columnchromatography on silica gel gave the title compound (4.8 g, 33.1%yield).

Preparation 482-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester

A mixture of 2-Bromo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylic acidethyl ester (3.5 g, 12.1 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethylphenyl boronic acid(2.52 g, 13.3 mmol) and CsF (6.44 g, 42.4 mmol) in dioxane (40 mL) isdegassed and filled with nitrogen for three times, then PdCl2(dppf) (0.6g, 0.7 mmol) is added under nitrogen. The reaction mixture is heated toreflux. After 40 hrs, the reaction mixture is cooled to roomtemperature, filtered through celite, concentrated and purified onsilica gel (Hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent) giving 2.85 g of the titlecompound.

Preparation 49[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-yl]-methanol

To a solution of2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester (5.27 g, 14.8 mmol) in THF (50 mL) is added LiAlH4 (1.0M in THF, 16 mL, 16 mmol) at 0˜5° C. After stirred for 4 hrs, quenchedby water and NaOH (5.0 N, 1 mL), diluted with ether, filtered throughcelite. Concentration and column chromatography on silica gel gave thetitle compound (4.4 g, 94.9% yield).

Preparation 50 2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl)-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester

To a solution of2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester (2.74 g, 7.71 mmol) in chlorobenzene (100 mL) is addedDDQ (5.25 g, 23.1 mmol), then the mixture is refluxed for 3 hr, cooledto room temperature. The reaction mixture is loaded on 70 gram of SAXcolumns, which are pretreated with NaHCO3 aq, followed by water and andmethanol. The SAX column is eluted with acetone, concentration of thefiltrate gave the title compound (2.70 g).

Preparation 51 [2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-methanol

To a solution of 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazole-4-carboxylicacid ethyl ester (2.8 g, 8.0 mmol) in THF (8 mL) is added LiAlH4 (1.0 Min THF, 8 mL, 8 mmol) at 0˜5° C. After stirred for 4 hrs, quenched bywater and NaOH (5.0 N, 1 mL), diluted with ether, filtered throughcelite. Concentration and column chromatography on silica gel gave thetitle compound.

Preparation 52 Toluene-4-sulfonic acid2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylester

General Procedure for the Tosylate Formation:

To a solution of alcohol (9.60 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (50mL) is added 4-N,N-dimethylamino pyridine (0.500 g, 4.00 mmol), tosicanhydride (8.4 g, 24 mmol), and pyridine (3.4 mL, 42 mmol) at roomtemperature. The reaction is monitored by TLC, and upon completeconsumption of the starting alcohol, the reaction is diluted with DCMand extracted against saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The organiclayer is washed with water and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate and concentrated. The pure tosylate product is obtained afterflash column chromatography.

The following compound is made in a similar manner:

Preparation 53 Toluene-4-sulfonic acid2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylester

Example 1Racemic-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

Step 1

(4-mercapto-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acide methyl ester (109 mg, 0.500mmol) is dissolved into anhydrous acetonitrile(ACN) (2 mL).Racemic-toluene-4-sulfonic acid2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylester (206 mg, 0.495 mmol) is added to the reaction, followed by theaddition of cesium carbonate (326 mg, 1.00 mmol). The reaction isallowed to stir under nitrogen at room temperature and monitored by TLCand HPLC. Upon complete consumption of the tosylate, the reaction isdiluted with diethyl ether and quenched with 0.1N NaOH. The two phasesare separated, then the organic layer washed with water and brine. Theorganic phase is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum. The residue is further purified using eitherEtOAc/Hexanes(1:9) or Acetone/Hexanes(1:9) gradients on silica gelchromatography to yield{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid ethyl ester (110 mg, 0.228 mmol) or 45%.

Step 2

{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid ethyl ester (110 mg, 0.228 mmol) is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1mL) and 1 N LiOH (1 mL) is added. The mixture is heated to reflux untilthe conversion is complete. Upon complete conversion, the reaction iscooled to room temperature and 1N HCl (1 mL) is added. The mixture isdiluted with diethyl ether and extracted with 1N HCl. The organic layeris washed with water and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate. Concentration of the solvent reveals the pure{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid (108 mg, 0.225 mmol) in near quantitative yield.

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 2(R)-[2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy]-aceticacid

MS (ES): 480.44(M⁺+1).

Example 3(S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 480.44(M⁺+1).

Example 4Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 484.2(M⁺+1).

Example 5Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 478.24 (M⁺+1).

Example 6(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 478.15 (M⁺+1).

Example 7(S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 478.15 (M⁺+1).

Example 8Racemic-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 494.2 (M⁺+1).

Example 9(S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-Phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 494.0 (M⁺+1).

Example 10(R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 494.0 (M⁺+1).

Example 11{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 478.2(M⁺+1).

Example 12Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-henyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 492.25(M⁺+1).

Example 13(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl-]phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 492.13(M⁺+1).

Example 14(S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 492.14(M⁺+1).

Example 15{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid

Step 1

[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-yl]-methanol(299 mg, 1.0 mmol) is dissolved into anhydrous toluene (5 mL) and cooledin an ice bath to 0° C. with stirring under nitrogen. Tributyl phosphine(400 uL, 1.50 mmol) is added by syringe followed by1-1′-azodicarbonyl-dipiperidine (405 mg, 1.50 mmol). Finally,(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (208 mg, 1.25 mmol) is thenadded. The reaction is allowed to stir under nitrogen at 0° C. for 1hour, then room temperature and monitored by TLC and HPLC. Uponcompletion, the reaction is diluted with hexanes and allowed to stirvigorously for 10 min. The resulting white precipitate is then filteredaway and the solution is concentrated under vacuum. The residue isfurther purified using either EtOAc/Hexanes(1:9) or Acetone/Hexanes(1:9)gradients on silica gel chromatography to yield{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid methyl ester (179 mg, 0.400 mmol) or 40%.

Step 2

{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacidmethyl ester (179 mg, 0.400 mmol) is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1mL) and 5N NaOH (1 mL) is added. The mixture is heated to reflux untilthe conversion is complete. Upon complete conversion, the reaction iscooled to room temperature and 5N HCl (1 mL) is added. The mixture isdiluted with diethyl ether and extracted with 1N HCl. The organic layeris washed with water and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate. Concentration of the solvent reveals the{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid (158 mg, 0.3645 mmol)

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 16(S)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 434.06 (M⁺+1).

Example 17(R)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl-aceticacid

MS (ES): 434.06(M⁺+1).

Example 18{2-Methyl-4-[7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 508.15 (M⁺+1).

Example 19(S)-3-[2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylimethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 476.08(M⁺+1).

Example 20(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4.5.6.7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 476.07(M⁺+1).

Example 21(R)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 448.07(M⁺+1).

Example 22(S)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl]-aceticacid

MS (ES): 448.07 (M⁺+1).

Example 233-(2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 506.13 (M⁺+1).

Example 24{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy-aceticacid

MS (ES): 508.09(M⁺+1).

Example 25(R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 508.1(M⁺+1).

Example 26(S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy)-aceticacid

MS (ES): 508.1(M⁺+1).

Example 273-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylnethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 490.15(M⁺+1).

Example 28{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 462.07(M⁺+1).

Example 29(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 506.01(M⁺+1).

Example 30(S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 506.01(M⁺+1).

Example 31{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-cyclooctathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 594.11(M⁺+1).

Example 32{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

Step 1{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid ethyl ester

A solution of (4-mercapto-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (113mg, 0.5 mmol) and[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-methanol (100 mg, 0.323mmol) in toluene (3.0 mL) is degassed and filled with nitrogen for 3times. Tributylphosphine (0.124 mL, 0.5 mmol) is added to the reactionmixture under nitrogen at 0° C., followed by addition of of1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)-dipiperidine (120 mg, 0.5 mmol). The reactionmixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight,the mixture is loaded on silica gel column. Chromatography gave thetitle compound (100 mg).

Step 2{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid

{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid ethyl ester from step A is taken into ethanol (1 mL) and treatedwith NaOH (5.0 N, 1 mL) for 2 hrs at 50° C. The reaction mixture iscooled to room temperature and acidified with 5 N HCl, extracted withethyl ether, dried over sodium sulfate. Concentration yields the titlecompound. MS (ES): 490.1(M⁺+1), the structure is also confirmed byproton NMR.

The following compounds are made in a similar manner:

Example 333-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 488.1(M⁺+1).

Example 34{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid

MS (ES): 444.1(M⁺+1).

Example 353-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 472.1 (M⁺+1).

Example 36(S)-2-Methoxy-3-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 472.1 (M⁺+1).

Example 372-Methyl-2-{2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy}-propionicacid

MS (ES): 502.2(M⁺+1).

Example 38Racemic-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-ethylsulfanyl}-phenoxy)-aceticacid

MS (ES): 504.3(M⁺+1).

Example 39Racemic-3-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-ethylsulfanyl}-phenyl)-propionicacid

MS (ES): 502.9(M⁺+1).

Racemic methyl ester of example 38 and 39 can be resolved by ChiralPakAD column with heptane and isopropanol alcohol (4:1) as eluent, thusenantimerically pure compounds were obtained.

Examples 40-110 below are made using the following experimentalprocedures:

All non-aqueous reactions are performed under a dry atmosphere ofnitrogen unless otherwise specified. Commercial grade reagents andanhydrous solvents are used as received from vendors and no attempts aremade to purify or dry these components further. Removal of solventsunder reduced pressure is accomplished with a Buchi rotary evaporator atapproximately 28 mm Hg pressure using a Teflon-lined KNF vacuum pump.Flash column chromatography is carried out using Kieselgel silica gel60. Proton NMR spectra are obtained on a Bruker AC 300 MHz NuclearMagnetic Resonance Spectrometer and are reported in ppm δ values, usingtetramethylsilane as an internal reference. Melting points are obtainedusing an Electrothermal melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. APIMass spectroscopic analyses are performed on a Finnegan LCQ Duo Ion Trapor a PESciex API 150EX mass spectrometer, using electro spray ionization(ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). HPLC analysesare conducted using a Waters Symmetry C18, 5 um, WAT046980, 3.9×150 mmcolumn. The elution system consists of 90:10 (0.1% TFA in H₂O)/(0.1% TFAin CH₃CN) gradient elution to 10:90 (0.1% TFA in H₂O)/(0.1% TFA inCH₃CN) over 20 min, followed by 10:90 (0.1% TFA in H₂O)/(0.1% TFA inCH₃CN) isocratic elution for 10 min, followed by 90:10 (0.1% TFA inH₂O)/(0.1% TFA in CH₃CN) isocratic elution for 10 min. The flow rate is1 mL/min. UV Detection is performed at 254 nm.

Examples 40-43 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 3:

Example 402-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanylphenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 2-Bromo-4-methylbenzothiazole

Add commercially available 2-amino-4-methy-benzothiazole (10 g, 61 mmol)portionwise to a black solution of copper (II) bromide (16 g, 73 mmol)and tert-butyl nitrite (11.9 mL, 99 mmol) in acetonitrile (220 mL) atroom temperature under nitrogen over the course of five min and stir themixture for 30 min. Dilute the mixture with 1 N HCl (500 mL) and extractwith ethyl acetate (3×500 mL). Wash the combined organic extracts with 1N HCl (250 mL), dry over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reducedpressure. Purify the residue by filtration through a plug of silica gel,eluting with ethyl acetate (500 mL), and remove the solvents underreduced pressure to afford 2-bromo-4-methylbenzothiazole (Step 1) as ablack solid (12.68 g, 91%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.70 (s, 1H), 7.20 (m, 2H),7.60 (d, 1H); APCI mass spectrum m/z 228 [C₈ H₆NSBr+H]⁺.

Step 2 4-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole

Add tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.50 g, 0.43 mmol) to adegassed solution of 4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl-benzothiazole(Step 1, 2.0 g, 8.7 mmol) in DME (30 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen, stir the mixture for 15 min and add a solution of4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (2.3 g, 12.2 mmol) in ethanol (10mL). Stir the mixture for 10 min, add 2 M aqueous sodium carbonatesolution (40 mL) and heat the mixture at reflux for 22 h. Dilute thecooled mixture with brine (300 mL) and extract with chloroform (2×300mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter through a plugof celite and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify the redresidue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting withhexanes/ethyl acetate (98:2), to afford4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 2) as anoff-white solid (2.0 g, 78%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.80 (s, 3H), 7.30 (m,2H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

Step 3 4-Bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole

Add N-bromosuccinimide (0.61 g, 3.4 mmol) to a solution of4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 2, 1.0 g, 3.4mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (30 mL) at room temperature under nitrogenfollowed by benzoyl peroxide (100 mg, 0.4 mmol) and heat the mixture atreflux for 18 h. Add additional N-bromosuccinimide (100 mg, 0.5 mmol)and continue heating at reflux for an additional 3 h. Dilute the cooledmixture with chloroform (300 mL) and wash with water (200 mL).Back-extract the aqueous layer with chloroform (200 mL) and wash thecombined organic extracts with 1 N NaOH (200 mL), dry over MgSO₄ andremove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate(97:3) to afford4-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-(Step 3) as awhite solid-(1.23 g, 97%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.10 (5, 2H), 7.40 (t, 1H),7.60 (dd, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 7.90 (dd, 1H), 8.30 (d, 2H); APCI massspectrum m/z 373 [C₁₅H₉NSF₃Br+H]⁺.

Step 4 EthylEthyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add potassium carbonate (184 mg, 1.34 mmol) to a solution of4-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 3, 200 mg,0.537 mmol) and ethyl (2-ethyl-4-mercaptophenoxy)acetate (200 mg, 0.833mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen, stirfor 18 h, dilute the mixture with water (120 mL) and extract withmethylene chloride (2×100 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts overMgSO₄, remove the solvents under reduced pressure and purify the residueby flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (97:3), to afford ethylethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 4) as a white solid (130 mg, 50%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.10 (t, 3H),1.30 (t, 3H), 2.60 (q, 2H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.70 (s, 2H),6.60 (d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (m, 1H),8.10 (d, 2H).

2-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanylphenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (100 mg, 2.4 mmol) in water (1.5 mL)to a solution of ethylethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 4, 130 mg, 0.24 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and ethanol (2 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen and stir the mixture for 2.5 h. Remove thesolvents under reduced pressure, suspend the residue in 1 N NaOH (50 mL)and acidify to pH 1 with 2 N HCl. Collect the solids by vacuumfiltration and wash with water (15 mL) to afford2-ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (1) as a white solid (100 mg, 82%): mp 89-92° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.10 (t, 3H), 2.50 (q, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H),7.10 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (m, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H);APCI MS m/z 502 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=15.8min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 97.9% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 413-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl-phenylaceticAcid

mp 140-143° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.50 (s, 2H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 7.10 (d,1H), 7.20 (t, 1H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.2 (d,2H); APCI MS m/z 458 [C₂₃H₁₆F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=14.0 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 95.8% (areapercent).

Example 426-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp 185-190° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 7.20 (d,1H), 7.50 (t, 1H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 1H), 8.40 (m,3H); APCI MS m/z 498 [C₂₅H₁₆F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻.

HPLC analysis (retention time=15.0 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 96.0% (area percent).

Example 436-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}aceticAcid

mp 168-170° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.76 (s, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 7.30-7.55(m, 4H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.92(d, 2H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d,2H), 12.41 (s, 1H); APCI MS m/z 514 [C₂₅H₁₆F₃NO₂S₃−H]⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=15.48 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 98.5%(area percent).

Examples 44-47 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 4:

Example 442-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 2-Bromo-3-methylphenylamine

Add iron powder (3.86 g, 69 mmol), water (5 mL) and concentrated HCl(0.5 mL) sequentially to a solution of commercially available2-bromo-3-nitrotoluene (5 g, 23 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) at roomtemperature and heat the mixture at reflux for 125 h. Remove thesolvents under reduced pressure, suspend the residue in water (400 mL)and extract with chloroform (3×250 mL). Dry the combined organicextracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure toafford 2-bromo-3-methylphenylamine (Step 1) as an amber oil (4.45 g,100%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.30 (s, 3H), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 7.60 (m, 2H),7.00 (t, 1H).

Step 2 N-(2-Bromo-3-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide

Add a solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (3.55 mL, 23 mmol)in methylene chloride (50 mL) dropwise over 5 min to a solution of2-bromo-3-methylphenylamine (Step 1, 4.45 g, 23 mmol) in pyridine (60mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, warm the mixture to room temperature andstir for 13 h. Dilute the mixture equally with 1 N HCl (500 mL) andextract with methylene chloride (3×250 mL). Dry the combined organicextracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure toafford N-(2-bromo-3-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (Step 2) asan off-white solid (8.3 g, 96%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.50 (s, 3H), 7.00 (d,1H), 7.30 (t, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 8.30 (d, 1H), 8.50 (br s,1H); APCI MS m/z 358 [C₁₅H₁₁F₃BrNO−H]⁻.

Step 3 N-(2-Bromo-3-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiobenzamide

Heat a mixture of Lawesson's reagent (2.25 g, 5.5 mmol) andN-(2-bromo-3-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (Step 2, 2 g, 5.5mmol) in toluene (20 mL) at reflux under nitrogen for 20 h, and dilutethe cooled mixture with 1 N HCl (250 mL). Extract the mixture with ethylacetate (500 mL), wash with water (250 mL), dry over MgSO₄ and removethe solvents under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (97:3),to afford N-(2-bromo-3-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiobenzamide(Step 3) as a yellow solid (1.89 g, 87%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.50 (s, 3H),7.20 (m, 3H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.90 (m, 2H), 9.30 (br s, 1H); APCI MS m/z375 [C₁₅H₁₁F₃BrNS−H]⁻.

Step 4 7-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole

Add sodium hydride (100 mg, 4.1 mmol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil)portionwise to a solution ofN-(2-bromo-3-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiobenzamide (Step 3, 1 g,2.6 mmol) in N-methylpyrrolidinone (5 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen, and heat the mixture at 140° C. for 1 h. Dilute the cooledmixture with water (400 mL) and extract with ethyl acetate (3×300 mL).Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solventsunder reduced pressure to afford7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 4) as a brownsolid (780 mg, 100%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.60 (s, 3H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.40(t, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 294[C₁₅H₁₀F₃NS+H]⁺.

Step 5 7-Bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole

Add N-bromosuccinimide (2.54 g, 14.2 mmol) to a solution of7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 4, 4.18 mg, 14.2mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (75 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen, followed by benzoyl peroxide (200 mg, 0.8 mmol). Heat themixture at reflux for 23 h, add additional N-bromosuccinimide (120 mg,0.67 mmol) and stir the reaction mixture at reflux for an additional 3h. Dilute the cooled mixture with water (400 mL) and extract withchloroform (3×300 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄,remove the solvents under reduced pressure and purify the residue byflash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (98:2), to afford7-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 5) as anoff-white solid (3.15 g, 59%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.80 (s, 2H), 7.50 (m,2H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.10 (d, 1H), 8.30 (d, 2H).

Step 6 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanylphenoxyacetate

Add potassium carbonate (230 mg, 1.67 mmol) to a solution of7-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (250 mg, 0.67mmol) and ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (151 mg, 0.67 mmol) inacetonitrile (4 mL) and carbon tetrachloride (2 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen and stir for 16 h. Dilute the mixture with water (200 mL)and extract with chloroform (2×150 mL). Dry the combined organicextracts over MgSO₄, remove the solvents under reduced pressure andpurify the residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith hexanes/ethyl acetate (95:5), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 6) as a white solid (160 mg, 47%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.30 (t, 3H),2.20 (S, 3H), 4.20 (m, 5H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 3H),7.40 (t, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.3 (d, 2H).

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (140 mg) in water (3 mL) to asolution of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 6, 160 mg, 0.31 mmol) in diethyl ether (8 mL) and ethanol (8 mL)at room temperature under nitrogen and stir for 30 min. Dilute themixture with water (10 mL), remove the solvents were removed underreduced pressure and acidify to pH 1 with 2 N HCl. Collect the solids byvacuum filtration and wash with water (10 mL) to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 44) as a white solid (140 mg, 92%): mp 193-196° C.; ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 2.00 (s, 3H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 7.10(m, 2H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.50 (t, 1H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.30(d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 488 [C₂₄H₁₈F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=14.1 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 98.9% (areapercent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 452-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 160-164° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.90 (t, 3H), 2.40 (q, 2H), 4.10 (s,2H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 6.30 (d, 1H), 7.00 (m, 3H), 7.20 (mrt, 1H), 7.60 (d,2H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 8.10 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 504 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S₂+H]⁺.HPLC analysis (retention time=14.9 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of >99% (area percent).

Example 463-(2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 136-139° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.90 (t,2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 7.00 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.40 (t, 1H), 7.70 (d,2H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 486 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻.HPLC analysis (retention time=14.7 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 98.3% (area percent).

Example 476-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp 201-204° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d) δ 3.70 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 7.40 (m,4H), 7.70 (d, 1H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.30 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z514 [C₂₅H₁₆F₃NO₂S₃−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=14.6 min) showsone peak, with a total purity of 97.6% (area percent).

Examples 48-50 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 5:

Example 482-Methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-inden-4-yl]acetonitrile

Add potassium cyanide (550 mg, 8.2 mmol) to a solution of4-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Example 44, Step5, 1.5 g, 4 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (160 mg, 0.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (20mL) and DMF (5 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stir themixture for 15 h. Add additional potassium cyanide (0.50 g, 7.6 mmol)and heat the mixture at reflux for 7 h. Cool the mixture and remove thesolid potassium cyanide by filtration. Dilute the filtrate withmethylene chloride (400 mL) and wash with water (2×300 mL). Dry theorganic layer over MgSO₄, remove the solvents under reduced pressure andpurify the residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith hexanes/ethyl acetate (96:4), to afford[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-inden-4-yl]acetonitrile (Step 1) as awhite solid (600 mg, 46%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.30 (s, 2H), 7.50 (t, 1H),7.60 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 8.10 (d, 2H).

Step 2 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]acetic Acid

Heat a suspension of[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-inden-4-yl]acetonitrile (Step 1, 600 mg,1.8 mmol) in 10 N HCl (50 mL) at reflux for 3 h, dilute the cooledmixture with water (200 mL) and extract with chloroform (2×300 mL). Drythe combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents wereremoved under reduced pressure to afford[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl)acetic acid (Step 2) as anoff-white solid (600 mg, 97%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.20(s, 2H), 7.40 (d,1H), 7.50 (m, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.10 (d, 2H).

Step 3 2-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethanol

Add cyanuric fluoride (0.35 mL, 3.9 mmol) to a solution of[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]acetic acid (Step 2, 600mg, 1.75 mmol) in methylene chloride (4 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) at −10°C. under nitrogen and stir the mixture for 1 h. Dilute the mixture withwater (200 mL) and extract with methylene chloride (2×200 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents underreduced pressure. Dissolve the residue in methylene chloride (2 mL) atroom temperature under nitrogen and treat with sodium borohydride (160mg, 3.9 mmol). Add methanol (3 mL) dropwise, stir the mixture for 20min, and neutralize the mixture with 1 N H₂SO₄ and remove the solventsunder reduced pressure. Dilute the residue with ethyl acetate (200 mL)and wash with water (150 mL). Back-extract the aqueous layer with ethylacetate (100 mL), dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ andremove the solvents under reduced pressure to afford2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethanol (Step 3) as awhite solid (600 mg, >99%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.40 (t, 2H), 4.10 (m, 2H),7.30 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

Step 4 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.20 mL, 0.84 mmol) and1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 202 mg, 0.84 mmol) to a solutionof 2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethanol (Step 3, 170mg, 0.53 mmol) and ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (190 mg, 0.84mmol) in toluene (5 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stir themixture for 16 h. Dilute the mixture with water (150 mL) and extractwith chloroform (3×100 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄remove the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and purify theresidue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting withhexanes/ethyl acetate (97:3), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 4) as a white solid (100 mg, 35%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (t, 3H),2.20 (s, 3H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H),6.60 (d, 1H), 7.20 (m, 4H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.10 (d, 2H).

2-Methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (100 mg) in water (1.5 mL) to asolution of ethyl2-methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 4, 100 mg, 0.18 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) and diethyl ether (5 mL)at room temperature under nitrogen and stir the mixture for 2 h. Dilutethe mixture with water (30 mL) and remove the solvents under reducedpressure. Dilute the residue with water (30 mL), acidify to pH 1 with 1N HCl and cool to 0° C. Collect the solids by vacuum filtration and washwith water (15 mL) and hexanes (15 mL) to afford2-methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 48) as a white solid (80 mg, 84%): mp 97-100° C.; ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 2.10 (s, 3H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 6.70(d, 1H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (m, 1H), 8.20(d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 502 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=16.2 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 99.0% (areapercent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 493-(2-Methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

mp 118-120° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 2.90 (t,2H), 3.50 (m, 4H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.70 (m,3H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 500 [C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=17.0 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 98.8%(area percent).

Example 502-Ethyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 84-86° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.10 (t, 3H), 2.60 (q, 2H), 3.30 (m,4H), 4.70 (S, 2H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 7.20 (S, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d,2H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 8.10 (m, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 516[C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=17.2 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 99.0% (area percent).

Examples 51-55 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 6:

Example 512-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 2-Bromo-5-methylphenylamine

Add iron powder (7.75 g, 138 mmol), concentrated HCl (1 mL) and water(10 mL) to a solution of commercially available 4-bromo-3-nitrotoluene(10 g, 46 mmol) in methanol (200 mL) at room temperature under nitrogenand heat the mixture at reflux for 168 h. Remove the solvents underreduced pressure, suspend the residue in 0.1 N NaOH (350 mL) and extractwith chloroform (3×300 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄and remove the solvents under reduced pressure to afford to afford2-bromo-5-methylphenylamine (Step 1) as an amber oil (5.87 g, 68%): ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 6.40 (d, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H),7.20 (d, 1H).

Step 2 N-(2-Bromo-5-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide

Add a solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (4.68 g, 31.5mmol) in methylene chloride (30 mL) dropwise over the course of 30 minto a solution of 2-bromo-5-methylphenylamine (Step 1, 5.87 g, 31.5 mmol)in pyridine (50 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, warm the mixture to roomtemperature and stir for 18 h. Dilute the mixture with 1 N HCl (400 mL)and extract with chloroform (2×350 mL). Wash the combined organicextracts with water (300 mL), dry over MgSO₄ and remove the solventsunder reduced pressure to affordN-(2-bromo-5-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (Step 2) as awhite solid (10.9 g, 96%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.30 (s, 3H), 6.80 (d, 1H),7.40 (d, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.40 (br s, 1H).

Step 3 N-(2-Bromo-5-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiobenzamide

Heat a suspension ofN-(2-bromo-5-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (Step 2, 6 g, 16.7mmol) and Lawesson's reagent (6.77 g, 16.7 mmol) in toluene (60 mL) atreflux under nitrogen for 18 h. Dilute the cooled mixture with water(400 mL) and extract with chloroform (3×250 mL). Dry the combinedorganic extracts over MgSO₄, remove the solvents were removed underreduced-pressure and purify the residue by flash column chromatographyon silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (95:5), to affordN-(2-bromo-5-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiobenzamide as a yellowsolid (5 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.40 (s, 3H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d,1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.00 (m, 2H), 8.40 (br S, 1H), 9.30 (s, 1H).

Step 4 5-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole

Add sodium hydride (360 mg, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) to a solutionof N-(2-bromo-5-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiobenzamide (Step 3, 5g, 13.3 mmol) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP, 30 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen and heat the mixture at 130° C. for 2.5 h.Dilute the cooled mixture was diluted with brine (400 mL) and extractwith chloroform (2×350 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Dissolve the residue inacetonitrile (20 mL), precipitate with water (200 mL) and collect thesolids by vacuum filtration and washed with water to afford5-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 4) as anoff-white solid (3.42 g, 89%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.50 (s, 3H), 7.20 (m,1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (m, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

Step 5 5-Bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole

Add N-bromosuccinimide (2.1 g, 11.6 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide (20 mg,0.1 mmol) to a suspension of5-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 4, 3.42 g, 11.6mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (50 mL) at room temperature under nitrogenwas and heat the mixture at reflux for 6 h. Add additionalN-bromosuccinimide (400 mg, 2.2 mmol) and continue heating at reflux for18 h. Dilute the cooled mixture with water (700 mL) and extract withmethylene chloride (3×250 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts overMgSO₄, remove the solvents under reduced pressure and purify the residueby flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (98:2), to afford5-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Step 5) as awhite solid (3.14 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.70 (s, 2H), 7.50 (d, 1H),7.80 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

Step 6 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Stir a mixture of 5-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole(Step 5, 300 mg, 0.8 mmol), ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (250mg, 1 mmol) and potassium carbonate (300 mg, 2.2 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) andacetonitrile (3 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen for 18 h, dilutewith water (300 mL) and extract with ethyl acetate (4×250 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over MgSO₄, filter through a plug of silicagel and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify the residueby flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (96:4), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 6) as a white solid (160 mg, 38%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (t, 3H),2.20 (s, 3H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H),7.10 (d, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 1H),7.90 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (200 mg, 5 mmol) in water (2 mL) to asolution of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 6, 160 mg, 0.3 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) and methanol (5mL) at room temperature and stir the mixture for 1.5 h. Remove thesolvents under reduced pressure, suspend the residue in water (15 mL)and adjust to pH 1 with 1 N HCl. Collect the solids by vacuum filtrationand wash with water (10 mL) and hexanes (10 mL) to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanylphenoxyaceticacid (Example 51) as a white solid (110 mg, 75%): mp 138-140° C.; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 2.10 (s, 3H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 7.10(d, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 7.90(s, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 488 [C₂₄H₁₈F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=14.1 min) showed one peak, with a total purity of 98.9%(area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 523-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 141-143° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 3.00 (t,2H), 4.00 (s, 2H), 6.90 (d, 1H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.20 (s,1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z486 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=14.8 min) showedone peak, with a total purity of 98.6% (area percent).

Example 532-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 140-142° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.10 (t, 3H), 2.60 (q, 2H), 4.00 (s,2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H) 7.30 (d,1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 8.10 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z502 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=15.1 min) showsone peak, with a total purity of 98.6% (area percent).

Example 543-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethoxy]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 174-176° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.90 (t,2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.60 (d,1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z470 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=13.9 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 99.0% (area percent).

Example 553-{2-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-ylmethoxy]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 188-190° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (t, 3H), 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.90 (t,2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d,1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H), 8.25 (s, 1H); APCI MS m/z484 [C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=14.6 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 98.8% (area percent).

Example 56 below is made employing the procedures of Scheme 7:

Example 563-(2-Methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

Step 1 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetonitrile

Add 18-crown-6 (70 mg, 0.24 mmol) and potassium cyanide (670 mg, 10.3mmol) to a solution of5-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole (Example 51, Step5, 950 mg, 2.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) and DMF (10 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen and heat the mixture to reflux. Stir for 20h, cool the reaction mixture to room temperature and remove the excessof potassium cyanide by vacuum filtration. Wash the filtrate with 0.1 NNaOH (300 mL) and back-extract the aqueous layer with methylene chloride(200 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄, remove thesolvents under reduced pressure and purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (9:1),to afford [2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetonitrile(Step 1) as a white solid (200 mg, 25%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.90 (s, 2H),7.40 (d, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

Step 2 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetic Acid

Heat a suspension of[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl)acetonitrile (Step 1, 200mg, 0.62 mmol) in 10 N HCl (40 mL) at reflux for 3 h, cool the mixtureto room temperature and dilute the mixture with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃solution (100 mL) and water (300 mL). Extract with methylene chloride(3×150 mL), dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove thesolvents under reduced pressure to afford[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetic acid (Step 2) as awhite solid (180 mg, 85%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.80 (s, 2H), 7.30 (d, 1H),7.70 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

Step 3 2-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethanol

Add cyanuric fluoride (0.15 mL, 1.8 mmol) dropwise to a solution of[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetic acid (Step 2, 180mg, 0.52 mmol) in methylene chloride (4 mL) and pyridine (0.25 mL) at−20° C. under nitrogen and stir for 1 h. Dilute the mixture with water(150 mL) and extract with methylene chloride (3×100 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents underreduced pressure. Dilute the resulting residue with methylene chloride(4 mL) and treat with NaBH₄ (90 mg, 2.2 mmol) and methanol (2 mL). Stirthe mixture at room temperature for 20 min, dilute with water (150 mL)and extract with methylene chloride (4×100 mL). Dry the combined organicextracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure toafford 2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethanol (Step 3)as a white solid (130 mg, 76%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.00 (t, 2H), 4.00 (m,2H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d,2H).

Step 4 Methyl3-(2-Methyl-4-(2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.168 mL, 0.68 mmol) and1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 160 mg, 0.67 mmol) to a solutionof 2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethanol (130 mg, 0.4mmol) and methyl 3-(4-mercapto-2-methylphenyl)propionate (136 mg, 0.65mmol) in toluene (4 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stir themixture for 18 h. Dilute the reaction mixture with water (150 ml) andextract with chloroform (2×150 mL). Dry the combined organic layers overMgSO₄, remove the solvents were removed under reduced pressure andpurify the residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith hexanes/ethyl acetate (95:5), to afford methyl3-(2-methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionate(Step 4) as a white solid (50 mg, 25%).

3-(2-Methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (120 mg, 3 mmol) in water (2 mL) to asolution of methyl3-(2-methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionate(Step 4, 50 mg, 0.097 mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) and methanol (3mL) at room temperature and stir the mixture for 1 h. Dilute thereaction mixture with water (5 mL) and remove the organic solvents underreduced pressure. Dilute the resulting residue with water (10 mL) andacidify to pH I with 2 N HCl. Collect the resulting white solids byvacuum filtration and wash with water (10 mL) and hexanes (10 mL) toafford3-(2-methyl-4-{2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicacid (Example 56) as a white solid (52 mg, >99%): mp 108-110° C.; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 2.60 (t, 2H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 3.10 (t, 2H), 3.20 (t, 2H), 7.00(d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (m, 2H), 8.20(d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 500 [C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=xxx min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 97.6% (areapercent).

Example 57-61 below is made employing the procedures of Scheme 8:

Example 572-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 Ethyl 2-Bromobenzothiazole-6-carboxylate

Add a solution of commercially available ethyl2-aminobenzothiazole-6-carboxylate (10 g, 45 mmol) in acetonitrile (40mL) to a solution of copper(II) bromide (12 g, 54 mmol) and tert-butylnitrite (9 mL, 75 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen and stir for 45 min. Dilute the mixture with 1 N HCl (300mL) and extract with methylene chloride (3×300 mL). Wash the combinedorganic extracts with water (300 mL), dry over MgSO₄, filter though aplug of silica gel and remove the solvents under reduced pressure toafford ethyl 2-bromobenzothiazole-6-carboxylate (Step 1) as an off-whitesolid (11.5 g, 89%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.40 (t, 3H), 4.40 (q, 2H), 8.00(d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H).

Step 2 Ethyl 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-6-carboxylate

Heat a degassed solution of ethyl 2-bromobenzothiazole-6-carboxylate(Step 1, 7.75 g, 27.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0)(1.7 g, 1.5 mmol), 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (6.2 g, 32.6mmol) and 2 M aqueous sodium carbonate solution (120 mL) in DME (90 mL)at reflux under nitrogen for 19 h. Dilute the cooled mixture with 1 NNaOH (1.2 L) and extract with methylene chloride (2×500 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over MgSO₄, remove the solvents under reducedpressure and purify the residue by flash column chromatography on silicagel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (98:2), to afford ethyl2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-6-carboxylate as a white solid(2.62 g, 27%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.40 (t, 3H), 4.40 (q, 2H), 7.80 (d,2H), 8.10 (d, 1H), 8.20 (m, 3H), 8.60 (s, 1H).

Step 3 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]methanol

Add a solution of DIBAL-H (7.8 mL, 7.8 mmol, 1 M solution in hexanes) toa solution of ethyl2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-6-carboxylate (1 g, 2.8 mmol)in THF (25 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, warmed the mixture to roomtemperature and stir for 15 h. Add additional DIBAL-H (1.5 mL, 1.5 mmol,1 M in hexanes) and stir the mixture for 3 h. Treat the mixture withmethanol (9 mL) and 2 N HCl (5 mL), stir for 2 h, dilute the mixturewith 50% brine (300 mL) and extract with ethyl acetate (2×300 mL). Drythe combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents underreduced pressure to afford[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]methanol as a white solid(970 mg, >99%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.80 (t, 1H), 4.80 (d, 2H), 7.40 (d,1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z310 [C₁₅H₁₀F₃NOS₂+H]⁺.

Step 4 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.330 mL, 1.3 mmol) and1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 312 mg, 1.3 mmol) to a solutionof [2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]methanol (Step 3, 250mg, 0.8 mmol) and ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (300 mg, 1.35mmol) in toluene (4 mL) and DMF (2 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen and stir for 18 h. Dilute the mixture with water (250 mL) andextract with chloroform (2×200 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over MgSO₄, remove the solvents under reducedpressure and purify the residue by flash column chromatography on silicagel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (96:4), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 4) as a white solid (300 mg, 72%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.30 (t, 3H),2.20 (s, 3H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H),7.00 (d, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H),8.00 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl)phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (280 mg, 7 mmol) in water (2 mL) to asolution of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 4, 300 mg, 0.6 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) and methanol (5mL) at room temperature was added and stir the mixture for 3 h. Dilutehe mixture with water (10 mL) and remove the solvents under reducedpressure. Add additional water (10 mL) and adjust to pH 1 with 1 N HCl.Collect the solids by vacuum filtration and wash with water (15 mL) andhexanes (20 mL) to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 57) as a white solid (190 mg, 64%): mp 176-177° C.; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 7.10(d, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 8.00(d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 488 [C₂₄H₁₈F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=14.2 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of >99%(area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 583-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 194-196° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.90 (t,2H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 7.10 (m, 3H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (s,1H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS

m/z 486 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=14.8 min)shows one peak, with a total purity of >99% (area percent).

Example 592-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 144-147° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.10 (t, 3H), 2.60 (q, 2H), 4.10 (s,2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.70 (s,1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 502[C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=15.1 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of >99% (area percent).

Example 603-(2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethoxy]phenyl)propionicAcid

mp 198-200° C.; ¹H N (CDCl₃) δ 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.90 (t, 2H),5.20 (s, 2H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H),7.80 (d, 2H), 8.10 (m, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 470[C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=14.4 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of >99% (area percent).

Example 613-{2-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethoxy]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 203-205° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (t, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.60 (q,2H), 2.90 (t, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d,1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, 1H), 8.20 (d,2H); APCI MS m/z 484 [C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=15.1 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 99.0% (areapercent).

Examples 62-63 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 9:

Example 62(+/−)-2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-6-carbaldehyde

Add 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (340 mg, 3.4 mmol) to a suspension of CrO₃ (350mg, 3.5 mmol) in methylene chloride (15 mL) at room temperature, afterwhich the CrO₃ slowly dissolves. Add2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylmethanol (Example 57, Step3, 400 mg, 1.3 mmol) followed by DMF (3 mL) and stir the mixture for 1h. Remove the solids by vacuum filtration through a plug of silica gel,eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (4:1) and remove the solvents underreduced pressure to afford2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-6-carbaldehyde (Step 1) as awhite solid (350 mg, 87%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 1H),8.20 (m, 3H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 10.10 (s, 1H).

Step 2 (+/−)-1-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl)ethanol

Add methylmagnesium bromide (0.5 mL, 1.5 mmol, 3 M in diethyl ether)dropwise to a solution of2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-6-carbaldehyde (350 mg, 1.14mmol) in THF (8 mL) at −40° C. under nitrogen, warm the mixture to roomtemperature and stir for 20 min. Cool the mixture to −30° C. and treatwith methylmagnesium bromide (0.2 mL, 0.6 mmol, 3 M in diethyl ether)and warm the mixture slowly to room temperature. Stir the mixture for 1h, dilute the mixture with saturated ammonium chloride solution (150 mL)and water (100 mL) and extract with methylene chloride (3×100 mL). Drythe combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents underreduced pressure to afford1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethanol (Step 2), as awhite solid (450 mg, >99%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.60 (d, 3H), 2.00 (s, 1H),5.10 (q, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, 1H),8.20 (d, 2H).

Step 3 (+/−)-Ethyl2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl)ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.2 mL, 0.79 mmol) dropwise to a solution of1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethanol (Step 2, 160 mg,0.49 mmol) and ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (179 mg, 0.79mmol) in toluene (6 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, followed by1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 190 mg, 0.79 mmol). Warm thereaction mixture to room temperature and stir for 15.5 h. Dilute themixture with water (200 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3×150 mL).Dry the combined organic layers over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents underreduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash column chromatography onsilica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (95:5), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 3) as a white solid (180 mg, 69%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (t, 3H),1.70 (d, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 4.30 (q, 1H), 4.60 (s, 2H),6.50 (1H), 7.00 (dd, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.00(d, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H).

(+/−)-2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (200 mg, 4.2 mmol) in water (3 mL) toa solution of ethyl2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 3, 180 mg, 0.33 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) at roomtemperature followed by methanol (5 mL). Stir the mixture for 1.5 h,dilute with water (10 mL) and remove the organic solvents under reducedpressure. Further dilute the residue with water (10 mL) and acidify topH 1 with 1 N HCl. Cool the resulting mixture to 0° C., collect thewhite solids and wash with water (10 mL) and hexanes (10 mL) to afford2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticacid (Example 62) as a white solid (40 mg, 26%): mp 170-173° C.; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.70 (d, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 4.30 (q, 1H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.50(d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.50 (m, 1H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.20(d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 504 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S₂+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=14.9 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 96.2% (areapercent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 63(+/−)-3-(2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

mp 159-161° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.70 (d, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.40 (m,2H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 7.10 (m, 3H), 7.50 (m, 1H), 7.80 (m,3H), 8.00 (m, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 500 [C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻.HPLC analysis (retention time=15.6 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 97.5% (area percent).

Example 64 below is made employing the procedures of Scheme 10:

Example 64(+/−)-3-(2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

Step 1 1-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-ylpropan-1-ol

Add ethylmagnesium bromide (0.3 mL, 0.8 mmol, 3 M in diethyl ether)dropwise to a solution of2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazole-6-carbaldehyde (Example 63,Step 1, 179 mg, 0.5 mmol) in diethyl ether (20 mL) at −5° C. undernitrogen, warm the mixture to room temperature and stir for 30 min. Addadditional ethylmagnesium bromide (0.3 mL, 0.8 mmol, 3 M in diethylether), stir for 30 min and dilute the mixture with water (100 mL).Extract with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL), dry the combined organic extractsover MgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure to afford1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propan-1-ol (Step 1), asa white solid, which was used in the next step without purification (180mg, >99%).

Step 2 Methyl3-(2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.20 mL, 0.75 mmol) to a solution of1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propan-1-ol (Step 1, 160mg, 0.47 mmol), methyl 3-(4-mercapto-2-methylphenyl)propionate (160 mg,0.76 mmol) and 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 190 mg, 0.79mmol) in toluene (4 mL) and DMF (0.5 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen andwarm the mixture to room temperature. Stir the mixture 22 h, dilute withwater (150 mL) and extract with methylene chloride (2×200 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over MgSO₄, remove the solvents were reducedpressure and purify the residue by flash column chromatography on silicagel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (97:3), to afford methyl3-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propylsulfanyl)phenyl)propionate(Step 2) as a white solid (100 mg, 44%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.00 (t, 3H),2.00 (dq, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.80 (t, 2H), 3.60 (s, 3H),4.10 (t, 1H), 7.00 (m, 3H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.00 (d, 1H),8.20 (d, 2H).

(+/−)-3-(2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (150 mg, 3.75 mmol) in water (2.5 mL)to a solution of methyl3-(2-methyl-4-(1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionate(Step 2, 120 mg, 0.24 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) and methanol (5mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stir for 2.5 h. Dilute thereaction mixture with water (15 mL) and remove the solvents underreduced pressure. Dilute the residue with water (15 mL) and acidify topH 2 with 2 N HCl. Cool the residue to 0° C., collect the solids byvacuum filtration and wash with water (20 mL) and hexanes (30 mL) toafford3-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]propylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicacid (1) as a white solid (57 mg, 46%): mp 105-108° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.00 (t, 3H), 2.00 (dq, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.80 (t, 2H),4.10 (t, 1H), 7.00 (m, 3H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.70 (m, 3H), 8.00 (d, 1H),8.20 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 514 [C₂₇H₂₄F₃NO₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=16.5 min) showed one peak, with a total purity of 98.7%(area percent).

Examples 65-67 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 11:

Example 652-Methyl-4-(2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 Ethyl 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoate

Add concentrated sulfuric acid (5 mL) to a suspension of commerciallyavailable 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (5.10 g, 33.3 mmol) in ethanol (110mL) and heat the mixture at reflux for 60 h. Dilute the cooled mixturewith ethyl acetate (500 mL) and extract with 10% aqueous potassiumcarbonate solution (2×200 mL). Back-extract the combined aqueous layerswith ethyl acetate (2×100 mL), dry the combined organic layers overNa₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure to provide ethyl2-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate (Step 1, 5.13 g, 85%) as a dark brown solid,which is used in the next step without further purification: ¹HNMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.38 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.33 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.31 (br s,3H), 6.50 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (dd, J=1.2, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd,J=1.2, 8.2 Hz, 1H).

Step 2 Ethyl 3-Hydroxy-2-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino)benzoate

Add 4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride (2.1 mL, 13.9 mmol) dropwise to asolution of ethyl 2-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate (Step 1, 2.29 g, 12.6 mmol)and triethylamine (2 mL, 13.9 mmol) in methylene chloride (50 mL) at 0°C. under nitrogen, warm the mixture to room temperature and stir for 12h. Dilute the mixture with methylene chloride (50 mL), wash withsaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (50 mL) and dry over Na₂SO₄. Removethe solvent under reduced pressure to provide a mixture of ethyl3-hydroxy-2-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino)benzoate (Step 2) and thediacylated product, which is used in the next step as a mixture withoutfurther purification: ¹H NMR(CDCl₃)δ 1.40 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.36 (q,J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.83 (br s, 2H), 6.71 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.28 (m,1H), 7.79-7.87 (m, 3H), 8.35 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H)

Step 3 Ethyl 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazole-4-carboxylate

Heat a solution of ethyl3-hydroxy-2-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino)benzoate (Step 2, 4.28 g,12.1 mmol) in acetic acid (125 mL) at reflux under nitrogen for 2.5 hand then pour the cooled mixture into ice water (500 mL). Filter thesuspension through Celite®, rinse the solids with cold water (4×50 mL)and then ethyl acetate (500 mL). Dry the organic layer over Na₂SO₄ andremove the solvent under reduced pressure. Triturate the residue withdiethyl ether and remove the solids by filtration, washing with colddiethyl ether (50 mL). Collect the precipitate in the filtrate and washwith cold diethyl ether (50 mL) to provide an initial crop of thedesired product. Remove the filtrate solvent under reduced pressure andpurify the residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith hexanes/ethyl acetate (19:1), and combine with the firstcrystallization crop to provide ethyl2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazole-4-carboxylate as a light yellowsolid (2.13 g, 56% over two steps): ¹H NMR(CDCl₃)δ 1.50 (t, J=7.1 Hz,3H), 4.53 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.82 (m, 3H),8.05 (dd, J=1.0, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H); ESI MS m/z 336[C₁₇H₁₂F₃NO₃+H]⁺.

Step 4 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-yl]methanol

Add a solution of DIBAL-H (1.33 mL, 1.33 mmol, 1 M solution in hexanes)dropwise to a solution of ethyl2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazole-4-carboxylate (Step 3, 0.223 g,0.665 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, and slowly warm themixture to room temperature, to stir for a total of 12 h. Cool themixture to 0° C. and charge with an additional amount of DIBAL-H (0.33mL, 0.333 mmol, 1.0 M solution in hexanes). After 1 h, add a thirdportion of DIBAL-H (0.33 mL, 0.333 mmol, 1 M solution in hexanes) andstir the reaction for 40 min. Treat the mixture with methanol (2 mL)followed by 2 N HCl (5 mL), stir for 4 h, and add ethyl acetate (50 mL).Collect the organic extract and extract the aqueous layer with ethylacetate (25 mL). Dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄ andremove the solvents under reduced pressure to provide[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-yl]methanol (Step 4) as anamber oil, which is used in the next step without further purification(0.188 g, 96%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.14 (s, 2H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 8.13 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),8.39 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H).

Step 5 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-(2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (73 μL, 0.292 mmol) and1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 74 mg, 0.292 mmol) to a degassedmixture of [2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-yl]methanol (Step4, 57 mg, 0.194 mmol) and ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (66mg, 0.292 mmol) in toluene (4 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen and stir themixture for 2 h. Dilute the mixture with ethyl acetate (50 mL), washwith 2 N HCl (25 mL) and brine (25 mL), dry over Na₂SO₄ and remove thesolvents under reduced pressure. Triturate the residue with diethylether and remove the solids by filtration. Removed the filtrate solventunder reduced pressure and purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (9:1),to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxyacetate(Step 5) as an off-white solid (39 mg, 40%): ¹H NMR(CDCl₃)δ 1.28 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 4.24 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.54(s, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.46 (dd, J=1.0, 8.2Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 8.36 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H); ESI MS m/z 502[C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₄S+H]⁺.

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxyaceticAcid

Heat a suspension of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxyacetate(Step 5, 39 mg, 0.078 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) and 6 N NaOH (1 mL) at 50°C. for 30 min. Adjust the cooled mixture to pH 1 with 2 N HCl andextract with diethyl ether (2×25 mL). Dry the combined organic extractsover Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent under reduced pressure to provide2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxyaceticacid (Example 65) as an off-white solid (42 mg, >99%): mp 160-162° C.(dec); TLC R_(f) (95:5:0.5 CHCl₃/MeOH/AcOH)=0.47; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 2.11(s, 3H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 6.62 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.09(m, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.36 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H); ESI MS m/z 474[C₂₄H₁₈F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=15.7 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 97.9% (area percent).

The following compound is made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 663-2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenylpropionicAcid

mp 181-183° C.; TLC R_(f) (95:5:0.5 CHCl₃/MeOH/AcOH)=0.46; ¹H NMR(CD₃OD) δ 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.38-2.43 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.80 (m, 2H), 4.48 (s,2H), 6.98-7.01 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.37(m, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 8.42 (d, J=8.0Hz, 2H); ESI MS m/z 472 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=16.5 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 98.8% (areapercent).

Example 672-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 127-128° C.; TLC R_(f) (95:5:0.1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/AcOH)=0.29; ¹H NMR(CD₃OD) δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 2.51 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H),4.51 (s, 2H), 6.66 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 7.12-7.20 (m, 2H),7.32 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),8.38 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H); ESI MS m/z 488 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis(retention time=16.8 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of >99%(area percent).

Examples 68-74 below are made employing the procedures substantially asdescribed below.

Example 682-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 Methyl 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoate

Add concentrated sulfuric acid (17 mL) dropwise to a suspension ofcommercially available 3-nitrosalicylic acid (17.0 g, 9.28 mmol) inmethanol (200 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and heat themixture at reflux for 36 h. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure,neutralize the residue with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution andextract with ethyl acetate (3×300 mL). Wash the organic extract withwater (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dry over MgSO₄ and remove the solventunder reduced pressure to afford methyl 2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoate(Step 1) as a yellow solid (18.1 g, >99%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 12.00 (s,1H), 8.13-8.18 (m, 2H), 7.01 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H); ESI MS m/z198 [C₈H₇NO₅+H]⁺.

Step 2 Methyl 3-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoate

Shake a suspension of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoate (Step 1, 18.1 g,93 mmol) and 5% palladium on carbon (5 g) in methanol (200 mL) at roomtemperature under hydrogen (60 psi) in a Parr bottle for 49 h. Filterthe mixture through a plug of Celite and remove the filtrate solventunder reduced pressure to afford methyl 3-amino-2-hydroxybenzoate (Step2) as a yellow solid (15.6 g, >99%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 10.87 (s, 1H),7.23 (dd, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87. (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.80 (brs, 2H); ESI MS m/z 168 [C₈H₉NO₃+H]⁺.

Step 3 Methyl 2-Hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino)benzoate

Add a solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (19.46 g, 93.3mmol) in THF (60 mL) dropwise over 1 h to a solution of methyl3-amino-2-hydroxybenzoate (Step 2, 15.6 g, 93.3 mmol) and triethylamine(13 mL) in THF (1.0 L)) at 0° C. under nitrogen, warm the mixture toroom temperature and stir for 12 h. Remove the solvent under reducedpressure, dilute the residue with ethyl acetate (2 L), wash with 0.5 NHCl (3×500 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (3×500 mL), water (100mL), and brine (100 mL) and dry over MgSO₄. Remove the solvent underreduced pressure and purify the residue by flash column chromatographyon silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (4:1), to affordmethyl 2-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino)benzoate (Step 3) as awhite solid (25.3 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 11.41 (s, 1H), 8.72 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.3 Hz,2H), 7.61 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H);ESI MS m/z 340 (C₁₆H₁₂F₃NO₄+H]⁺.

Step 4 Methyl 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazole-7-carboxylate

Heat a solution of methyl2-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino)benzoate (Step 3, 30.0 g,88.4 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (37 g, 194.5 mmol) inanhydrous toluene (400 mL) at reflux under nitrogen for 48 h. Remove thesolvent under reduced pressure and purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with methylene chloride, to affordmethyl 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazole-7-carboxylate (Step 4) asa white solid (18.46 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.42 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H),8.01 (q, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H),4.07 (s, 3H); ESI MS m/z 322 [C₁₆H₁₀F₃NO₃+H]⁺.

Step 5 [2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]methanol

Add a solution of lithium aluminum hydride (56 mL, 56.3 mmol, 1 Msolution in THF) dropwise to a solution of methyl2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazole-7-carboxylate (Step 4, 18 g,56.3 mmol) in THF (250 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, warm the mixture toroom temperature and stir for 3 h. Dilute the mixture with water (12mL), 5 N NaOH (12 mL) and water (12 mL) and extract with ethyl acetate(5×50 mL). Wash the combined organic extracts with water (50 mL) andbrine (50 mL), dry the mixture over MgSO₄ and remove the solvent underreduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash column chromatography onsilica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (10:1), to afford[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]methanol (Step 5) as awhite solid (11.1 g, 67%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.2 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.78(d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.44 (m, 2H), 5.07(d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 1H); APCI MS m/z 294[C₁₅H₁₀F₃NO₂+H]⁺.

Step 6 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.095 mL, 0.69 mmol) to a degassed solution ofethyl (4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxy)acetate (155 mg, 0.69 mmol) and[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]methanol (Step 5, 130 mg,0.44 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, and then add1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 173 mg, 0.69 mmol). Warm themixture to warm to room temperature, stir for 12 h and remove thesolvent under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (9:1),to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 6) as a white solid (210 mg, 94%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.28 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.65, (dd, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.40 (m,4H), 6.50 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1Hz, 2H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 502[C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₄S+H]⁺.

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.0 mL, 5 N) to asolution of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 6, 130 mg, 0.26 mmol) in ethanol (1 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen and heat the mixture at 50° C. for 3 h. Dilute the cooledmixture with water (10 mL), wash with diethyl ether (3×10 mL) adjust topH 5 with 6 N HCl and extract with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over MgSO₄, remove the solvent under reducedpressure and recrystallized the residue from methylene chloride/methanol(1:1) to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 68) as a white solid (103 mg, 84%): mp: 180-182° C.; ¹HNMR (DMSO-d) δ 12.95 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.98 (d, J=8.3 Hz,2H), 7.71, (dd, J=7.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.17 (m,2H), 6.69 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 2.00 (s, 3H);ESI MS m/z 474 [C₂₄H₁₈F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=12.5min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 98.8% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 693-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp: 155-157° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J=7.35, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04-7.36 (m, 4H), 6.99 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 2.79 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (t, J=7.8 Hz,2H), 2.19 (s, 3H); ESI MS m/z 472 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis(retention time=12.8 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of >99%(area percent).

Example 706-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethoxy]benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp: 215-216° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 12.37 (s br, 1H), 8.41 (d, J=8.2 Hz,2H), 7.98 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=2.3 Hz,1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J=8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s,2H); ESI MS m/z 484 [C₂₅H₁₆F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=12.3 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of >99% (areapercent).

Example 716-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp: 208-210° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d) δ 3.71 (s, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 7.22-7.44(m, 3H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.71 (dd, 1H), 7.92 (d, 2H), 8.03(d, 1H), 8.22 (d, 2H), 12.42 (s, 1H); ESI MS m/z 500 [C₂₅H₁₆F₃NO₃S₂+H]⁺.HPLC analysis (retention time=13.1 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 97.4% (area percent).

Example 722-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp: 170-173° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.26 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.98 (d,J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.18(dd, J=8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H),4.40 (s, 2H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 2.40 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6 Hz,3H); ESI MS m/z 488 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=13.1 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of >99% (areapercent).

Example 733-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenylaceticAcid

mp: 147-149° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.27 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.02-7.25 (m, 3H), 4.47 (s,2H), 3.48 (s, 2H); ESI MS m/z 444 [C₂₃H₁₆F₃NO₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis(retention time=12.0 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 97.3%(area percent).

Example 742-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp: 172-174° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.42 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.48 (m,1H), 7.09 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.79-6.92 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 2.86 (t,J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H); APCI MS m/z 456[C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₄+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=15.7 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 95.5% (area percent).

Examples 75-78 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 13:

Example 752-Methyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

Steps 1 and 2 2-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]propan-2-oland 1-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethanone

Add methyl lithium (50.4 mL, 70.6 mmol, 1.4 M solution in THF, 70.6mmol) dropwise to a solution of methyl2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazole-7-carboxylate (Example 68, Step4, 10.8 g, 33.6 mmol) in THF (120 mL) at −78° C. under nitrogen and stirthe mixture for 2 h. Warm the mixture to room temperature, carefullydilute with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (50 mL) and extract withethyl acetate (3×200 mL). Wash the combined organic extract with water(100 mL) and brine (100 mL) and dry over Na₂SO₄. Remove the solventsunder reduced pressure and purify by flash column chromatography onsilica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (1:9), to afford2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]propan-2-ol (Step 1) as awhite solid (4.2 g, 41%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.36 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.79(d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (dd, J=7.9, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, L=7.9, 1.1Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 1H), 1.83 (s, 6H); ESI MS m/z322 (C₁₇H₁₄F₃NO₂+H]⁺.1-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethanone (Step 2) is alsoisolated as a white solid (4.0 g, 39%); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.40 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.94-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 8.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 2.91 (s, 3H); ESI MS m/z 306 [C₁₆H₁₀F₃NO₂+H]⁺.

Step 3 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate

Add anhydrous zinc iodide (136 mg, 0.42 mmol) to a solution of2-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]propan-2-ol (Step 1, 100mg, 0.31 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (4 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen, and then add ethyl4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (84.5 mg, 0.37 mmol). Stir the mixturefor 1.5 h, dilute with water (10 mL) and extract with ethyl acetate (60mL). Wash the organic extract with 0.5 N NaOH (2×20 mL), water (10 mL)and brine (10 mL), dry over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvents under reducedpressure. Purify the residue by flash column chromatography on silicagel, eluting with methylene chloride/hexanes (1:1), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 3) as a yellow oil (120 mg, 73%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.30 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.29 (m,1H), 7.12 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.64-6.84 (m, 2H), 6.35 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H),4.35 (s, 2H), 4.21 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 6H), 1.26(t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 530 [C₂₈H₂₆F₃NO₄S+H]⁺.

2-Methyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

Heat a solution of ethyl2-methyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 3, 110 mg, 0.21 mmol) in methanol (3 mL) and a sodium hydroxidesolution (2.5 mL, 2 N) at 50° C. for 3 h, and acidify the cooled mixtureto pH 3 with 6 N HCl. Extract the mixture with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL),wash the combined organic extracts with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL)and dry over Na₂SO₄. Remove the solvents under reduced pressure andpurify the residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith methanol/methylene chloride (1:9), to provide2-methyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticacid (Example 75) as a white solid (78 mg, 75%) as a white solid: mp:131-133° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.16 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.1 Hz,2H), 7.54 (dd, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.67 (dd, J=8.7,2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 6.33 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 1.83(s, 6H); ESI MS m/z 502 [C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=18.6 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 97.8% (areapercent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 763-(2-Methyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

mp: 104-107° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.23 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.64 (dd, J=7.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.39 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.84 (m,2H), 2.49 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (s, 6H), 1.95(s, 3H); ESI MS m/z 500 [C₂₇H₂₄F₃NO₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=19.7 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 97.7% (areapercent).

Example 772-Ethyl-4-{1-methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

mp: 122-125° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.28 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.64 (dd, J=7.1 Hz, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.36 (m, 2H), 6.91 (dd,J=8.3 Hz, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.42-6.56 (m, 2H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 2.33 (q, J=7.4Hz, 2H), 1.95 (s, 6H), 0.90 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H); APCI MS m/z 516[C₂₇H₂₄F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=20.5 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 96.3% (area percent).

Example 786-{1-Methyl-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp: 110-113° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.02 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.45 (m, 5H), 6.90 (dd, J=8.5 Hz, J=8.6Hz, 1H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 2.00 (s, 6H); APCI MS M/z 528 [C₂₇H₂₀F₃NO₃S₂+H]⁺.HPLC analysis (retention time=19.8 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 96.1% (area percent).

Examples 79-84 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 14:

Example 79(+/−)-2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 (+/−) 1-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethanol

Add a solution of lithium aluminum hydride (30 mL, 30.0 mmol, 1 M inTHF) to a solution of1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethanone (Example 75,Step 2, 4.0 g, 13.1 mmol) in THF (60 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen andwarm the mixture to room temperature, to stir for a total of 3 h. Dilutethe mixture sequentially with water (5 mL), 5 N NaOH (6 mL) and water(12 mL) and extract the mixture with ethyl acetate (5×40 mL). Wash thecombined organic extracts with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dry overNa₂SO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify theresidue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with ethylacetate/methylene chloride (1:9), to afford racemic1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethanol (Step 1) as awhite solid (2.58 g, 64%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.33 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.76(d, L=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (dd, J=7.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H),7.33 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (s, 1H), 1.71 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 3H); APCI MS m/z 308 [C₁₆H₁₂F₃NO₂+H]⁺.

Step 2 (+/−) Ethyl2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate

Add anhydrous zinc iodide (153 mg, 0.50 mmol) to a solution of(+/−)1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethanol (Step 1,amount) in anhydrous methylene chloride (4 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen and then add ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (136 mg,0.60 mmol). Stir the mixture for 48 h, dilute with water (5 mL) andremove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes(1:19) to afford racemic ethyl2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 2) as a yellow oil (160 mg, 62%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.27 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (dd, J=7.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.36(m, 3H), 6.95-7.04 (m, 1H), 6.41 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (q, J=7.1 Hz,1H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.21 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.82 (d, J=7.1Hz, 3H), 1.26 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); APCI MS m/z 516 [C₂₇H₂₄F₃NO₄S+H]⁺.

(+/−)-2-Methyl-4-(1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl)phenoxyaceticAcid

Heat a solution of ethyl2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyacetate(Step 2, 140 mg, 0.27 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) and sodium hydroxidesolution (4 mL, 2 N) at 50° C. for 2 h, acidify the cooled mixture to pH3 with 6 N HCl to pH 3 and extract with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Washthe combined organic extracts with water (6 mL) and brine (6 mL), dryover Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify theresidue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting withmethanol/methylene chloride (1:19), to provide racemic2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticacid (Example 79) as a white solid (107 mg, 81%): mp 134-138° C.; ¹H NMR(CD₃OD) δ 8.21 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (dd,J=7.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.39 (m, 2H), 6.96 (dd, J=8.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H),6.83 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H),4.21 (s, 2H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.79 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 488[C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₄S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=17.9 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 96.3% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 80(+/−)-3-(2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenyl)propionicAcid

mp: 128-130° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.25 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.42 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H),6.82-6.88 (m, 2H), 4.79 (m, 1H), 2.53 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.84 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 486[C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=18.2 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 97.0% (area percent).

Example 81(+/−)-2-Ethyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}phenoxyaceticAcid

mp: 172-175° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.26 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.60 (dd, J=7.3 Hz, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.08 (dd,J=8.5 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H),4.72 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 2.39 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (d,J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 502 [C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₄S+H]⁺.HPLC analysis (retention time=14.2 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 98.9% (area percent).

Example 82(+/−)-6-{1-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethylsulfanyl}benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp: 195-198° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.06 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J=7.0 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 1H),7.33-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=8.5 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.90(m, 1H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 1.88 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); API MS m/z 514[C₂₆H₁₈F₃NO₃S₂+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=13.7 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 95.8% (area percent).

Example 83(+/−)-3-(2-Methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethoxy}phenyl)propionicAcid

mp: 142-144° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 12.1 (br, s, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=8.1 Hz,2H), 8.02 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.55 (m, 2H),6.66-7.01 (m, 3H), 5.96 (q, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.38(t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.75 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 470[C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₄+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=17.8 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 96.5% (area percent).

Example 84(+/−)-3-(2-Ethyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzooxazol-7-yl]ethoxy}phenyl)propionicAcid

mp: 60-63° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.45 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.51 (m, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=8.5 Hz,1H), 6.78 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (dd, J=8.3 Hz, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (q,J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (t,J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H); APCI MSm/z 484 [C₂₇H₂₄F₃NO₄+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=18.8 min) showsone peak, with a total purity of 97.7% (area percent).

Examples 85-88 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 15:

Example 852-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1N-(2-Trifluoromethylbenzoylamino-6-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide

Add 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (59.7 g, 286 mmol) dropwise to amixture of commercially available 2, 3-diaminotoluene (14.0 g, 114.6mmol) and triethylamine (29 g, 286.5 mmol) in methylene chloride (1.2 L)at 0° C. under nitrogen, warm to warm to room temperature and stir for12 h. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and dilute the residuewith ethyl acetate (1 L), wash with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution(2×200 mL), 0.5 N HCl (2×200 mL), water (200 mL) and brine (200 mL) anddry over MgSO₄. Remove the under reduced pressure and purify the residueby flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (4:1), to affordN-(2-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino-6-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide(Step 1) as a yellow solid (33.0 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 9.32 (s, 1H),9.08 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.84-6.96(m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H); ESI MS m/z 467 [C₂₃H₁₆F₆N₂O₂+H]⁺.

Step 2 4-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

Heat a mixture ofN-(2-trifluoromethylbenzoylamino-6-methylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide(Step 1, 24 g, 51.5 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (19.6g, 102.9 mmol) in o-xylene (300 mL) at reflux under nitrogen for 6 h.Dilute the cooled mixture with ethyl acetate (1.1 L), wash with 0.1 NNaOH (2×200 mL), water (2×100 mL) and brine (100 mL) and dry overNa₂SO₄. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and purify the residueby flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (19:1), to afford4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole (Step 2) as awhite solid (11.0 g, 77%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 12.01 (br s, 1H), 8.13 (d,J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t,J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H); ESI MS m/z 277[C₁₅H₁₁F₃N₂+H]⁺.

Step 3 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole-4-carboxylic Acid

Add a solution of potassium permanganate (27.0 g, 171 mmol) in water(250 mL) in 10 mL portions over 2.5 h to a solution of4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-henyl)-1H-benzoimidazole (Step 2, 8.0 g,28.96 mmol) in tert-butanol (150 mL) at 50° C. under nitrogen, at a ratewhich maintains the reaction temperature between 50-55° C., and stir themixture for 12 h. Collect the precipitate from the cooled solution byfiltration, washing with warm water (2 L, 80° C.), and wash the filtratewith ethyl acetate (3×1 L). Acidify the aqueous layer to pH 2 withconcentrated HCl and extract with ethyl acetate (3×250 mL). Dry thecombined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solvent underreduced pressure to afford2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid (Step 3)as a white solid (6.1 g, 68%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 13.28 (br s, 1H),12.65 (br s, 1H), 8.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 8.02-7.84 (m, 4H), 7.40-7.32(m, 1H); ESI MS m/z 307 [C₁₅H₉F₃N₂O₂+H]⁺.

Step 4 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl]methanol

Add a solution of lithium aluminum hydride (40 mL, 40.0 mmol, 1 Msolution in THF) dropwise to a solution of2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid (Step 3,6.1 g, 19.9 mmol) in THF (120 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, warm themixture to room temperature and stir for 2.5 h. Cool the reactionmixture to 0° C. and treat with water (2 mL), 15% NaOH (2 mL) and water(6 mL). Remove the solids by filtration and remove the filtrate solventunder reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with methylene chloride/ethylacetate (3:2) to afford[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl]methanol (Step 4) asa white solid (4.9 g, 84%): ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.30 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H),7.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.37 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H);ESI MS m/z 293 [C₁₅H₁₁F₃N₂O+H]⁺.

Step 5 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.39 mL, 2.85 mmol) dropwise to a degassedsolution of ethyl (4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxy)acetate (644.2 mg, 2.85mmol) and [2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl]methanol(Step 4, 520 mg, 1.78 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen,followed by 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 718 mg, 2.85 mmol).Warm the mixture to room temperature, stir for 12 h and remove thesolvent under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with methylene chloride, to affordethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5) as a white solid (190 mg, 21%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 11.40 (br s,1H), 8.15 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (m, 3H), 7.14 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),6.70-7.09 (m, 3H), 6.45 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H),4.27 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z501 [C₂₆H₂₃F₃N₂O₃S+H]⁺.

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide NaOH (1.5 mL, 5 N) to a solution ofethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5, 190 mg, 0.38 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen and heat the mixture at 50° C. for 3 h. Remove the solventunder reduced pressure, dilute the residue with water (15 mL) and washwith diethyl ether (2×15 mL). Acidify the aqueous solution to pH 6 with6 N HCl and extract with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combine the organicextracts, wash with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL) and dry over MgSO₄.Remove the solvent under reduced pressure to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 85) as a white solid (168 mg, 93%): mp: 238-240° C. (dec);¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.26 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51(dd, J=8.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=8.2 1H), 6.96-7.10 (m, 3H), 6.62 (d,J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H); ESI MS m/z 473[C₂₄H₁₉F₃N₂O₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=8.0 min) showed onepeak, with a total purity of 97.4% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 863-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp: 214-216° C.; ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆) δ 8.45 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d,J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=7.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.26 (m, 5H), 4.61 (s,2H), 2.84 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H); ESIMS m/z 471 [C₂₅H₂₁F₃N₂O₂S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=8.1 min)shows one peak, with a total purity of >99% (area percent).

Example 872-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp: 223° C. (dec); ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆) δ 8.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.90(d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.23 (m, 4H), 6.79 (d,J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 2.58 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.10(t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 487 [C₂₅H₂₁F₃N₂O₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis(retention time=8.2 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 97.3%(area percent).

Example 883-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenylaceticAcid

mp: 180-183° C.; ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆) δ 8.47 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.87 (d,LJ=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.06-7.33 (m, 5H),4.66 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 2H); ESI MS m/z 443 [C₂₃H₁₇F₃N₂O₂S+H]⁺. HPLCanalysis (retention time=7.8 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of95.8% (area percent).

Examples 89-92 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 16:

Example 892-Methyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1[1-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl]methanol

Add iodomethane (17.0 g, 120 mmol) to a solution of[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl]methanol (Example 85,Step 4, 2.95 g, 10.1 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (4.25 g, 75.7 mmol)in acetone (80 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stir themixture for 12 h. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and adjustthe residue to pH 7 with 2 N HCl. Extract the mixture with ethyl acetate(3×20 mL), wash with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL) and dry overNa₂SO₄. Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and purify the residueby flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (4:1), to afford[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl]methanol(Step 1) as a white solid (650 mg, 21%): ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.00 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.44 (m, 2H),5.09 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H); APCI MS m/z 307 [C₁₆H₁₃F₃N₂O+H]⁺. Thedimethylated byproduct is also isolated (2.0 g, 64%).

Step 2 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.23 mL, 1.70 mmol) dropwise to a degassedsolution of ethyl (4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxy)acetate (307 mg, 1.36mmol) and[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl]methanol(Step 1, 260 mg, 0.85 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen,followed by 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 342 mg, 1.36 mmol).Warm the mixture to room temperature, stir for 12 h and remove thesolvent under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (29:1),to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 2) as a white solid (340 mg, 77%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.90 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.32 (m, 5H), 6.57 (d, J=8.3 Hz,1H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.24 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H),2.21 (s, 3H), 1.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); ESI MS m/z 515 [C₂₇H₂₅F₃N₂O₃S+H]+/

2-Methyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide (8.0 mL, 2 N) to a solutionof ethyl2-methyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 2, 300 mg, 0.58 mmol) in ethanol (4 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen and heat the mixture at 50° C. for 3 h. Remove the solventunder reduced pressure, dissolve the residue in water (15 mL) and washwith diethyl ether (2×15 mL). Acidify the aqueous layer to pH 3 with 2 NHCl and extract with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). Wash the combined organicextracts with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL) and dry over Na₂SO₄.Remove the solvent under reduced pressure and recrystallized the residuefrom ethyl acetate/hexanes (1:4) to afford2-methyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 89) as a white solid (250 mg, 88%): mp: 192-194° C.; ¹HNMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.97 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d,J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.02-7.13 (m, 3H), 6.64 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H); ESI MSm/z 487 [C₂₅H₂₁F₃N₂O₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=8.2 min) showsone peak, with a total purity of >99% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 903-{2-Methyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp: 168-170° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.01 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=7.4Hz, 1H), 7.12 (m, 3H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.85 (t, J=7.9 Hz,2H), 2.50 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H); APCI MS m/z 485[C₂₆H₂₃F₃N₂O₂S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=8.2 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 98.4% (area percent).

Example 912-Ethyl-4-[1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp: 178-180° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.02-7.16 (m,2H), 6.98 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.41(s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.55 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H);ESI MS m/z 501 [C₂₆H₂₃F₃N₂O₃S+H]⁺. HPLC analysis (retention time=8.3min) shows one peak, with a total purity of >99% (area percent).

Example 923-[1-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenylaceticAcid

mp: 178-180° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.00 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.02-7.29 (m, 6H), 4.58 (s, 2H),3.88 (s, 3H), 3.49 (s, 2H); ESI MS m/z 457 [C₂₄H₁₉F₃N₂O₂S+H]⁺. HPLCanalysis (retention time=8.0 min) shows one peak, with a total purityof >99% (area percent).

Examples 93-94 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 17:

Example 932-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 N-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide

Add a solution of commercially available4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylbenzoyl chloride (7 g, 33.6 mmol) in methylenechloride (35 mL) dropwise over the course of 20 minutes to a solution ofcommercially available 2,3-dimethylaniline (4 mL, 33.6 mmol) in pyridine(45 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, and slowly warm the mixture to roomtemperature. Stir for 22 h, dilute the reaction mixture with 1 N HCl(600 mL) and extract with chloroform (4×300 mL). Dry the combinedorganic layers over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressureto afford N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (Step 1) asan off-white solid (9.21 g, 93%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.60(s, 3H), 6.80 (m, 2H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 9.30(s, 1H).

Step 2 4-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indole

Add n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 28 mL, 71.4 mmol) dropwise over 30min to a suspension of N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide(Step 1, 4.2 g, 14.2 mmol) in THF (25 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, atwhich point the reagents dissolve. Warm the reaction mixture slowly toroom temperature and stir for 16 h, dilute the mixture with 0.5 N HCl(200 mL) and stir for an additional 1 h. Extract the product with ethylacetate (3×250 mL), dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ andremove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate(95:5), to afford 4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indole (Step2) as an off-white solid (2.3 g, 59%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.60 (s, 3H),7.00 (m, 2H), 7.20 (t, 1H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H),8.30 (br s, 1H).

Step 3 tert-Butyl4-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)indole-1-carboxylate

Add DMAP (18 mg, 0.15 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (719 mg, 3.3mmol) to a solution of 4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indole(Step 2, 2.3 g, 8.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (7 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen and stir for 21 h. Add additional di-tert-butyldicarbonate (150 mg, 0.68 mmol), stir for an additional 7 h and removethe solvents under reduced pressure. Dissolve the residue in ethylacetate (200 mL), wash with 1 N HCl (100 mL) and brine (100 mL) and dryover MgSO₄. Remove the solvents under reduced pressure to affordtert-butyl 4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)indole-1-carboxylate(Step 3) as an off-white solid (1.2 g, >99%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.30 (s,9H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 6.60 (S, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.30 (t, 1H), 7.60 (d,2H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 1H).

Step 4 tert-Butyl4-Bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)indole-1-carboxylate

Add 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 30 mg, 0.18-mmol) andN-bromosuccinimide (630 mg, 3.5 mmol) and to a solution of tert-butyl4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)indole-1-carboxylate (Step 3, 1.2 g,3.2 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (15 mL) at reflux under nitrogen andstir for 30 min. Add additional 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (30 mg, 0.18mmol) stir for 30 min, and add additional 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile(30 mg, 0.18 mmol). Stir at reflux for 2 h, cool the reaction mixture toroom temperature and remove the solids by vacuum filtration. Dilute thefiltrate with water (150 mL) and extract with chloroform (2×250 mL). Drythe combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solvents underreduced pressure to afford tert-butyl4-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenylindole-1-carboxylate (Step 4) asa yellow oil (1.4 g, 96%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.30 (s, 9H), 4.70 (s, 2H),6.70 (s, 1H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, 2H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 1H).

Step 5 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add potassium carbonate (350 mg, 2.5 mmol) to a solution of tert-butyl4-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)indole-1-carboxylate (Step 4,450 mg, 1 mmol) and ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (271 mg, 1.2mmol) in acetonitrile (7 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stirfor 19 h. Dilute the reaction mixture with water (150 mL) and extractwith chloroform (2×200 mL). Dry the combined organic layers over MgSO₄and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Dissolve the crudeproduct in methylene chloride (8 mL), treat the solution withtrifluoroacetic acid (4 mL) dropwise at room temperature and stir for1.5 h. Dilute the mixture with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (100mL) and water (100 mL) and extract with methylene chloride (3×100 mL).Dry the combined organic layers over MgSO₄, remove the solvents underreduced pressure and purify the residue by flash column chromatographyon silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (9:1), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5) as a clear oil (200 mg, 40%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.30 (t, 3H),2.20 (s, 3H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H),7.00 (m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H),8.40 (br s, 1H).

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (180 mg, 4.2 mmol) in water (3 mL) toa solution of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5, 200 mg, 0.4 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) and methanol (5mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stir for 45 min. Dilute thereaction mixture with water (15 mL) and remove the organic solventsunder reduced pressure. Acidify the reaction mixture to pH 1 with 1 NHCl, collect the resulting solids by vacuum filtration and wash withwater (15 mL) and hexanes (10 mL) to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 93) as brown/green solids (89 mg, 47%): mp 85-88° C.; ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.20 (s, 3H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H),6.90 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.60 (d, 2H),7.90 (d, 2H), 10.90 (br s, 1H); APCI MS m/z 470 [C₂₅H₂₀F₃NO₃S−H]⁻. HPLCanalysis (retention time=12.1 min) shows one peak, with a total purityof 97.4% (area percent).

The following compound is made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 942-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 174-176° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.10 (t, 3H), 2.60 (q, 2H), 4.30 (s,2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 7.20 (m,2H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.60 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 484[C₂₆H₂₂F₃NO₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=12.7 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 98.0% (area percent).

Examples 95-99 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 18:

Example 952-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 3-Amino-4-methylpyridin-2-ol

Shake a suspension of commercially available2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3-nitrophenol (5 g, 32.4 mmol) and 10% palladium oncarbon (300 mg) in ethanol (170 mL) at room temperature under hydrogen(13 psi) in a Parr bottle for 18 h. Filter the mixture through a shortplug of celite, eluting with ethanol, and remove the solvents underreduced pressure to afford 2-amino-4-methylpyridin-2-ol (Step 1) as anoff-white solid (4.16 g, >99%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.00 (s, 3H), 4.00 (brs, 2H), 6.00 (d, 1H), 6.70 (d, 1H).

Step 2 N-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide

Add a solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (4.8 mL, 32 mmol)in methylene chloride (30 mL) dropwise to a solution of2-amino-4-methylpyridin-2-ol (Step 1, 4 g, 32 mmol) in pyridine (60 mL)at 0° C. under nitrogen over the course of 10 min, warm to roomtemperature and stir for 16 h. Treat the mixture with 1 N HCl (200 mL),stir for 20 min, dilute with 1 N HCl (400 mL) and extract withchloroform/isopropanol (3:1, 3×600 mL). Combine the organic extracts,remove the solvents under reduced pressure and collect the solids byvacuum filtration to affordN-(2-hydroxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (Step 2)as a white solid (5.57 g, 58%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.00 (s, 3H), 6.10 (d,1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H), 9.70 (br s, 1H).

Step 3 7-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine

Heat a mixture ofN-(2-hydroxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (Step 2,6.5 g, 21.9 mmol) and phosphorous pentoxide (2.4 g, 17.5 mmol) at 200°C. under nitrogen for 45 min, and dilute the cooled mixture with water(40 mL). Collect the solids by vacuum filtration and wash with water (20mL) to afford 7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridineas an off-white solid (6.6 g, >99%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.70 (s, 3H),7.40 (d, 1H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 8.30 (d, 1H), 8.40 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 279[C₁₄H₉F₃N₂O+H]⁺.

Step 4 7-Bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine

Add N-bromosuccinimide (4.5 g, 25.4 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide (200 mg,0.8 mmol) to a solution of7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine (Step 3, 6.73g, 24.2 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (200 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen and heat the mixture at reflux for 17 h. Dilute the cooledmixture with water (400 mL) and extract with chloroform (400 mL).Back-extract the aqueous phase with chloroform (400 mL) and wash thecombined organic extracts with 1 N NaOH (300 mL), dry over MgSO₄ andNa₂SO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Dissolve thecrude product in carbon tetrachloride (200 mL), treat the mixture withN-bromosuccinimide (2 g, 11.2 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide (100 g, 0.4mmol) and heat at reflux for 40 h. Dilute the cooled mixture with water(300 mL) and extract with methylene chloride (2×450 mL). Wash thecombined organic extracts with dilute aqueous NaOH (300 mL), dry overMgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure. Purify the residueby flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethylacetate (94:6), to afford7-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine (Step 4)as a white solid (1.89 g, 22%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.90 (s, 2H), 7.40 (d,1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.40 (d, 1H), 8.50 (d, 2H)

Step 5 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl)phenoxyacetate

Stir a mixture of7-bromomethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine (Step 4,250 mg, 0.70 mmol), ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (180 mg, 1mmol) and potassium carbonate (241 mg) in acetonitrile (3 mL) at roomtemperature under nitrogen for 40 h. Dilute the mixture with water (100mL) and extract with chloroform (3×100 mL). Dry the combined organicextracts over Na₂SO₄, remove the solvents under reduced pressure andpurify the residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith hexanes/ethyl acetate (92:8), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5) as a white solid (200 mg, 57%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.30 (t, 3H),2.20 (s, 3H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, 1H),7.10 (d, 1H), 7.15 (d, 1H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.30 (d, 1H),8.30 (d, 2H).

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl)phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of potassium carbonate (300 mg, 2.1 mmol) in water (10mL) to a solution of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-7b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5, 200 mg, 0.4 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) and THF (12 mL) at roomtemperature and stir for 15 h. Add additional potassium carbonate (120mg, 0.8 mmol) and stir for an additional 4 h. Remove the solvents underreduced pressure, dissolve the residue in water (50 mL) and adjust to pH2 with 1 N HCl. Collect the solids by vacuum filtration, wash with waterand triturate with ethyl acetate/diethyl ether (1:1) to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethy-phenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid as a white solid (35 mg, 18%); mp 154-157° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ2.20 (s, 3H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 3H),7.80 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 1H), 8.40 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 473[C₂₃H₁₇F₃N₂O₄S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=11.9 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 95.4% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 963-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp>260° C. (dec); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.20 (m, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.70(m, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 7.00 (m, 3H), 7.30 (m, 1H), 8.00 (m, 2H), 8.30(m, 1H), 8.40 (m, 2H); APCI MS m/z 471 [C₂₄H₁₉F₃N₂O₃S−H⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=12.2 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of >99%(area percent).

Example 972-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 59-62° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.10 (t, 3H), 2.60 (q, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H),4.60 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 3H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.30 (d, 1H),8.40 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 487 [C₂₄H₁₉F₃N₂O₄S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=12.4 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 98.6%(area percent).

Example 986-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp 203-205° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.74 (s, 2H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 7.35-7.47(m, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.98 (d, 2H), 8.05 (d, 1H), 8.32(d, 2H), 8.34 (s, 1H); APCI MS m/z 499 [C₂₄H₁₅F₃N₂O₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLCanalysis (retention time=12.16 min) shows one peak, with a total purityof 98.9% (area percent).

Example 993-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenylaceticAcid

mp 164-166° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.50 (s, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 7.10 (d,1H), 7.20 (m, 4H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 1H), 8.40 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z443 [C₂₂H₁₅F₃N₂O₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=9.4 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 95.7% (area percent).

Examples 100 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 19:

Example 100 2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetic Acid

Step 1 7-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridine

Heat a suspension ofN-(2-hydroxy-4-methyl-pyridin-3-yl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzamide (Step 2,14.4 g, 48.6 mmol) and phosphorous pentasulfide (21.6 g, 48 mmol) inpyridine (150 mL) at reflux under nitrogen for 18 h, and dilute thecooled mixture with 1 N HCl (1.5 L). Extract the mixture with methylenechloride (4×400 mL) and wash the combined extracts with saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution (400 mL). Back-extract the aqueous phase withmethylene chloride (500 mL), dry the combined organic extracts overMgSO₄ and remove the solvents under reduced pressure to afford7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine (Step 1) asan off-white solid (6.5 g, 46%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.80 (s, 3H), 7.20 (d,1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H), 8.50 (d, 1H).

Step 2 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-carboxylicAcid

Add potassium permanganate (24 mg, 150 mmol) to a suspension of7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridine (Step 1, 8g, 27.3 mmol) in tert-butyl alcohol (150 mL) and water (150 mL) at roomtemperature and heat the mixture at 65° C. for 18 h. Filter the cooledmixture through a short plug of silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate,and extract the filtrate with water (4×400 mL). Adjust the combinedaqueous layers to pH 3 and extract with methylene chloride (2×800 mL).Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solventsunder reduced pressure to afford 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (Step 2) as a white solid (3.8 g, 46%):¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.20 (m, 3H), 8.90 (m, 1H).

Step 3 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-yl]methanol

Add cyanuric fluoride (2.2 mL, 24 mmol) to a solution of2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid(Step 2, 3.8 g, 11.7 mmol) in methylene chloride (45 mL) and pyridine(3.5 mL) at −10° C. under nitrogen and stir for 75 min. Dilute themixture with cold water (200 mL) and extract with chloroform (2×150 mL).Dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄ and remove the solventsunder reduced pressure. Dissolve the residue in methylene chloride (10mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and treat with sodium borohydride(1 g, 24 mmol) and methanol (10 mL) dropwise over the course of 15 min.Stir the mixture for 10 min, neutralize the mixture with 1 N H₂SO₄ andremove the solvents under reduced pressure. Dilute the residue withmethylene chloride (400 mL) and wash with water (300 mL). Back-extractthe aqueous phase with methylene chloride (200 mL) and dry the combinedorganic extracts over MgSO₄. Remove the solvents under reduced pressureand purify the residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel,eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate (7:3), to afford[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-yl]methanol (Step3) as a white solid (1.67 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.20 (s, 2H), 7.50(d, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H), 8.60 (d, 1H).

Step 4 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.32 mL) and 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine(ADDP, 310 mg, 1.3 mmol) to a solution of[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-yl]methanol (Step3, 250 mg, 0.8 mmol) and ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetate (300mg, 1.3 mmol) in toluene (9 mL) and DMF (1 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen, stir for 16 h. Dilute the mixture with water (200 mL) andextract with chloroform (3×150 mL). Dry the combined organic extractsover MgSO₄, remove the solvents under reduced pressure and purify theresidue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting withhexanes/ethyl acetate (92:8), to afford ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 4) as a white solid (250 mg, 60%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (t, 2H),2.20 (s, 3H), 4.20 (q, 3H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, 1H),7.10 (m, 3H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H), 8.50 (d, 1H).

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of sodium hydroxide (200 mg) in water (2 mL) to asolution of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 4, 250 mg, 0.48 mmol) in methylene chloride (6 mL) and methanol (6mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stir the mixture for 45 min.Dilute the mixture with water (15 mL) and remove the solvents underreduced pressure. Dilute the residue with water (10 mL), adjust to pH 1with 1 N HCl and cool the mixture to 0° C. Collect the solids by vacuumfiltration and wash with water (15 mL) and hexanes (20 mL) to afford2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetic acid as a white solid (170mg, 72%): mp 82-85° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.00 (s, 3H), 4.50 (s, 2H),4.60 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.90 (d, 2H),8.30 (d, 2H), 8.60 (d, 1H); APCI MS m/z 489 [C₂₃H₁₇F₃N₂O₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLCanalysis (retention time=13.1 min) shows one peak, with a total purityof 996.3% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 1013-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 65-70° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.30 (t, 2H), 2.60 (t,2H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 8.00 (d,2H), 8.30 (d, 2H), 8.60 (d, 1H); APCI MS m/z 487 [C₂₄H₁₉F₃N₂O₂S₂−H]⁻.HPLC analysis (retention time=13.6 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 97.8% (area percent).

Example 102 2-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetic Acid

mp 176-178° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.00 (t, 3H), 2.40 (q, 2H), 4.60 (S,2H), 4.70 (S, 2H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 7.00 (S, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d,1H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 8.30 (d, 2H), 8.60 (d, 1H); APCI MS m/z 503[C₂₄H₁₉F₃N₂O₃S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=13.9 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 96.7% (area percent).

Examples 103-107 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 20:

Example 1032-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Step 1 4-Methylpyridine-2,3-diamine

Shake a mixture of commercially available4-methyl-3-nitro-pyridin-2-ylamine (5.00 g, 32.65 mmol) and 5% palladiumon carbon (750 mg) in methanol (200 mL) at room temperature underhydrogen (20 psi) in a Parr bottle for 3.5 h. Filter the mixture througha plug of Celite, eluting with methanol (2×50 mL) and remove thefiltrate solvent under reduced pressure to afford4-methylpyridine-2,3-diamine (Step 1) as yellow solid, which is used inthe next step without further purification (3.92 g, 97%): APCI MS m/z124 [C₆H₉N₃+H]⁺.

Step 2 7-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-bipyridine

Add 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (14.58 g, 69.91 mmol) to asolution of 4-methylpyridine-2,3-diamine (Step 1, 7.83 g, 63.58 mmol) inanhydrous dioxane (200 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, stir the mixture for1 h, and heat at 80° C. for 4 h. Remove the solvent under reducedpressure, dissolve the residue in anhydrous toluene (200 mL) and treatwith p-toluenesulfonic acid (42.33 g, 222.53 mmol). Heat the mixture atreflux for 36 h and remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Dilutethe mixture with ethyl acetate (800 mL) and wash with saturated aqueousNaHCO₃. Back-extract the aqueous phase with ethyl acetate (2×400 mL),dry the combined organic extracts over Na₂SO₄ and remove the solventunder reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (1:1),to provide7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine(Step 2) as white solid (7.05 g, 40%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.63 (s, 3H),7.10 (m, 1H), 7.95 (d, 2H), 8.25 (d, 1H), 8.47 (d, H), 13.20 (bs, 0.3H),13.65 (bs, 0.7H); APCI MS m/z 278 [C₁₄H₁₀F₃N₃+H]⁺.

Step 32-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-7-carboxylic Acid

Add a solution of KMnO₄ (4.95 g, 31.3 mmol) in water (50 mL) portionwiseover 30 min to a suspension of7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Step 2,1.66 g, 6.0 mmol) in tert-butanol (50 mL) at room temperature, and heatthe mixture at 50° C. for 12 h. Treat the cooled mixture with 1 N HCl(100 mL), methanol (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (200 mL) and stir themixture for 30 min. Filter the mixture through a short plug of celite,eluting with methanol/ethyl acetate (1:19) and collect the organicphase. Extract the aqueous phase with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL) and washthe combined organic extracts with brine (300 mL), dry over MgSO₄ andremove the solvents under reduced pressure to provide2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid(Step 3) as an off white solid (1.15 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.70(d, 1H), 7.96 (d, 2H), 8.55-8.70 (m, 3H).

Step 4 [2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine7-yl]methanol

Add 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-7-carboxylicacid (Step 3, 1.12 g, 3.65 mmol) portionwise over 15 min to a solutionof lithium aluminum hydride (0.275 g, 7.25 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen, warm the mixture to room temperature andstir for 8 h. Cool the mixture to 0° C. and dilute with water (0.5 mL)and 10% aqueous NaOH solution (0.5 mL). Stir the mixture for 10 min,dilute with THF (200 mL) and remove the solids by vacuum filtration.Extract the solids with hot THF (2×150 mL), combine the THF extracts andremove the solvents under reduced pressure to provide[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine 7-yl]methanol(1D) as a pale yellow solid (625 mg, 66%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 5.00 (bs,2H), 5.49 (bs, 1H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.95 (d, 2H), 8.30-8.60 (m, 3H), 13.10(bs, 0.3H), 13.76 (bs, 0.7H); APCI MS m/z 294 [C₁₄H₁₀F₃N₃O+H]⁺.

Step 5 Ethyl2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate

Add tri-n-butylphosphine (0.20 mL, 1.45 mmol) dropwise to a mixture of[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4, 5-b]pyridine 7-yl]methanol(Step 4, 176 mg, 0.600 mmol), ethyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxyacetater(204 mg, 0.902 mmol) and 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP, 303 mg,1.20 mmol) in anhydrous THF (6.0 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen. Stir themixture at 0° C. for 3 h, warm the mixture to room temperature and stirfor 12 h. Dilute the mixture with methanol (50 mL), treat with silicagel (2 g) and remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Purify thesupported residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith ethyl acetate/hexanes (1:1), to provide ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5) as a white solid (116 mg, 39%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.18 (t,3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 4.13 (q, 2H), 4.45 (s, 1H), 4.52 (s, 1H), 4.71 (s,2H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 6.95-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.93-8.05 (m, 2H), 8.20 (m, 1H),8.43 (d, 2H), 13.12 (s, 0.3H), 13.80 (s, 0.7H); APCI MS m/z 502[C₂₅H₂₂F₃N₃O₃S+H]⁺.

2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

Add a solution of 1 N sodium hydroxide (1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol) to asuspension of ethyl2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyacetate(Step 5, 110 mg, 0.219 mmol) in methanol (4.0 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen and heat the mixture at 40° C. for 2 h. Cool the mixtureto 0° C., dilute with water (10 mL) and treated with 1 N HCl (1.0 mL,1.0 mmol). Collect the solids and wash with water (5 mL) to provide2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticacid (Example 103) as a white solid (83 mg, 80%): mp 239-241° C.; ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 2.11 (s, 3H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 6.73 (d, 1H),6.95-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.97 (d, 2H), 8.27 (d, 1H), 8.44 (d, 2H), 13.15 (bs,1H); APCI MS m/z 472 [C₂₃H₁₈F₃N₃O₃S−H]. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=7.68 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 95.2% (areapercent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 1043-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

mp 180-182° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.41 (t, 2H), 2.71 (t,2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.97 (d,2H), 8.29 (d, 1H), 8.47 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 470 [C₂₄H₂₀F₃N₃O₂S−H]⁻.HPLC analysis (retention time=7.88 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 96.8% (area percent).

Example 1052-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 188-190° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.00 (t, 3H), 2.49 (q, 2H), 4.51 (s,2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 6.95-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.98 (d, 2H), 8.29(d, 1H), 8.44 (d, 2H), 12.97 (bs, 1H); APCI MS m/z 486[C₂₄H₂₀F₃N₃O₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=7.96 min) shows onepeak, with a total purity of 98.5% (area percent).

Example 1065-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp 248-250° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 4.71 (s, 2H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 7.41 (d,1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.96 (d, 2H), 8.10 (d, 1H), 8.28 (d,1H), 8.46 (d, 2H); APCI MS m/z 498 [C₂₄H₁₆F₃N₃O₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis(retention time=7.90 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 97.0%(area percent).

Example 107{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenylaceticAcid

mp 213-215° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.51 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 4.65 (s,1H), 7.04-7.45 (m, 5H), 7.98 (d, 2H), 8.37 (d, 1H), 8.47 (d, 2H), 12.35(bs, 1H); APCI MS m/z 442 [C₂₂H₁₆F₃N₃O₂S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retentiontime=7.71 min) shows one peak, with a total purity of 96.1% (areapercent).

Examples 108-110 below are made employing the procedures of Scheme 21:

Example 1083-{2-Methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

Step 13,7-Dimethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

Add sodium hydride (0.572 g, 14.30 mmol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil)to a suspension of7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Example103, Step 2, 3.05 g, 11.00 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (30 mL) at 0° C. undernitrogen, stir the mixture for 30 min and add iodomethane (1.75 g, 12.33mmol). Stir the mixture for 4 h, warm to room temperature and stir for 6h. Dilute the mixture with water (150 mL), extract with ethyl acetate(3×150 mL) and dry the combined organic extracts over MgSO₄. Remove thesolvents under reduced pressure and purify the residue by flash columnchromatography on silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (6:4),to provide 3,7-dimethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine(Step 1) as a white solid (765 mg, 24%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.63 (s,3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.96 (d, 2H), 8.18 (d, 2H), 8.30 (d,1H).

Step 27-Bromomethyl-3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

Heat a mixture of3,7-dimethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Step1, 489 mg, 1.68 mmol), N-bromosuccinimide (301 mg, 1.69 mmol) andbenzoyl peroxide (40 mg, 0.16 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (200 mL) atreflux under nitrogen for 5 h. Treat the cooled mixture with silica gel(3 g) and remove the solvent under reduced pressure. Purify the residueon support by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting withethyl acetate/hexanes (1:4), to provide7-bromomethyl-3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine(Step 2) as a white solid, (307 mg, 49%): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.98 (s,3H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 7.44 (d, 1H), 7.99 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H), 8.43 (d,1H); APCI MS m/z 370 [C₁₅H₁₁BrF₃N₃]⁺.

Step 3 Methyl3-{2-Methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionate

Stir a mixture of7-bromomethyl-3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine(Step 2, 92 mg, 0.249 mmol), methyl 4-mercapto-2-methylphenylpropionate(79 mg, 0.376 mmol) and cesium carbonate (163 mg, 0.50 mmol) inacetonitrile (7.0 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen for 8 h. Filterthe mixture through a short plug of silica gel, eluting with ethylacetate, and remove the filtrate solvent under reduced pressure. Purifythe residue by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting withethyl acetate/hexanes (1:3), to provide methyl3-{2-methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl)propionate(Step 3) as a viscous brown oil (85 mg, 68%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.23 (s,3H), 2.53 (t, 2H), 2.87 (t, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 4.58 (s,2H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 7.10-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.83 (d, 2H), 7.97 (d, 2H), 8.33(d, 1H); APCI MS m/z 500 [C₂₆H₂₄F₃N₃O₂S]⁺.

3-(2-Methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicAcid

Add a solution of 1 N sodium hydroxide (1.00 mL, 1.00 mmol) to asolution of3-{2-methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionate(Step 3, 80 mg, 0.160 mmol) in methanol (4.0 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen, and heat the mixture at 40° C. for 2.5 h. Cool themixture to 0° C., dilute with water (5.0 mL) and treat with 1 N HCl(1.00 mL). Collect the solids by vacuum filtration and wash with waterto provide3-{2-methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenyl}propionicacid (Example 108) as a white solid (67 mg, 87%): mp 89-91° C.; ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.42 (t, 2H), 2.73 (t, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.59(s, 2H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.13 (dd, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, 1H), 7.98(d, 2H), 8.18 (d; 2H), 8.33 (d, 1H); APCI MS m/z 484 [C₂₅H₂₂F₃N₃O₂S−H]⁻.HPLC analysis (retention time=9.51 min) shows one peak, with a totalpurity of 97.2% (area percent).

The following compounds are made in a substantially similar manner:

Example 1092-Ethyl-4-[3-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid

mp 118-120° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.00 (t, 3H), 2.50 (q, 2H), 3.94 (s,3H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 7.11 (d, 1H), 7.15 (d,1H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.97 (d, 2H), 8.14 (d, 2H), 8.32 (d, 1H); APCI ms m/z500 [C₂₅H₂₂F₃N₃O₃S−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=9.59 min) showsone peak, with a total purity of 96.6% (area percent).

Example 110{5-[3-Methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylaceticAcid

mp 85-87° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 4.69 (s,2H), 7.29 (d, 1H), 7.40 (dd, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.97 (d,2H), 8.08 (d, 1H), 8.14 (d, 2H), 8.33 (d, 1H), 12.43 (s, 1H); APCI msm/z 512 [C₂₅H₁₈F₃N₃O₂S₂−H]⁻. HPLC analysis (retention time=9.55 min)shows-one peak, with a total purity of 97.6% (area percent).

Biological Assays Binding and Cotransfection Studies

The in vitro potency of compounds in modulating PPARα receptors aredetermined by the procedures detailed below. DNA-dependent binding (ABCDbinding) is carried out using SPA technology with PPAR receptors.Tritium-labeled PPARα agonists are used as radioligands for generatingdisplacement curves and IC₅₀ values with compounds of the invention.Cotransfection assays are carried out in CV-1 cells. The reporterplasmid contained an acylCoA oxidase (AOX) PPRE and TK promoter upstreamof the luciferase reporter cDNA. Appropriate PPARs are constitutivelyexpressed using plasmids containing the CMV promoter. For PPARα,interference by endogenous PPARγ in CV-1 cells is an issue. In order toeliminate such interference, a GAL4 chimeric system is used in which theDNA binding domain of the transfected PPAR is replaced by that of GAL4,and the GAL4 response element is utilized in place of the AOX PPRE.Cotransfection efficacy is determined relative to PPARα agonistreference molecules. Efficacies are determined by computer fit to aconcentration-response curve, or in some cases at a single highconcentration of agonist (10 μM).

These studies are carried out to evaluate the ability of compounds ofthe invention to bind to and/or activate various nuclear transcriptionfactors, particularly huPPARα (“hu” indicates “human”). These studiesprovide in vitro data concerning efficacy and selectivity of compoundsof the invention. Furthermore, binding and cotransfection data forcompounds of the invention are compared with corresponding data formarketed compounds that act on huPPARα.

The binding and cotransfection efficacy values for compounds of theinvention which are especially useful for modulating a PPAR receptor,are ≦100 nM and ≧50%, respectively.

Evaluation of Triglyceride Reduction and HDL Cholesterol Elevation inHuapoAI Transgenic Mice

Compounds of the present invention are studied for effects upon HDL andtriglyceride levels in human apoAI mice. For each compound tested, sevento eight week old male mice, transgenic for human apoAI(C57BL/6-tgn(apoa1)1rub, Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) areacclimated in individual cages for two weeks with standard chow diet(Purina 5001) and water provided ad libitum. After the acclimation, miceand chow are weighed and assigned to test groups (n=5) withrandomization by body weight. Mice are dosed daily by oral gavage for 8days using a 29 gauge, 1½ inch curved feeding needle (Popper & Sons).The vehicle for the controls, test compounds and the positive control(fenofibrate 100 mg/kg) is 1% carboxymethylcellulose (w/v) with 0.25%tween 80 (w/v). All mice are dosed daily between 6 and 8 a.m. with adosing volume of 0.2 ml. Prior to termination, animals and diets areweighed and body weight change and food consumption are calculated.Three hours after last dose, mice are euthanized with CO₂ and blood isremoved (0.5-1.0 ml) by cardiac puncture. After sacrifice, the liver,heart, and epididymal fat pad are excised and weighed. Blood ispermitted to clot and serum is separated from the blood bycentrifugation.

Cholesterol and triglycerides are measured calorimetrically usingcommercially prepared reagents (for example, as available from Sigma#339-1000 and Roche #450061 for triglycerides and cholesterol,respectively). The procedures are modified from published work (McGowanM. W. et al., Clin Chem 29:538-542,1983; Allain C. C. et al., Clin Chem20:470-475,1974. Commercially available standards for triglycerides andtotal cholesterol, respectively, commercial quality control plasma, andsamples are measured in duplicate using 200 μl of reagent. An additionalaliquot of sample, added to a well containing 200 μl water, provided ablank for each specimen. Plates are incubated at room temperature on aplate shaker and absorbance is read at 500 nm and 540 nm for totalcholesterol and triglycerides, respectively. Values for the positivecontrol are always within the expected range and the coefficient ofvariation for samples is below 10%. All samples from an experiment areassayed at the same time to minimize inter-assay variability.

Serum lipoproteins are separated and cholesterol quantitated by fastprotein liquid chromatography (FPLC) coupled to an in line detectionsystem. Samples are applied to a Superose 6 HR size exclusion column(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and eluted with phosphate bufferedsaline-EDTA at 0.5 ml/min. Cholesterol reagent (Roche DiagnosticsChol/HP 704036) at 0.16 ml/min mixed with the column effluent through aT-connection and the mixture passed through a 15 m×0.5 mm id knittedtubing reactor immersed in a 37 C water bath. The colored productproduced in the presence of cholesterol is monitored in the flow stremat 505 nm and the analog voltage from the monitor is converted to adigital signal for collection and analysis. The change in voltagecorresponding to change in cholesterol concentration is plotted vs timeand the area under the curve corresponding to the elution of very lowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) is calculated using Perkin Elmer Turbochromesoftware.

Triglyceride Serum Levels in Mice Dosed with a Compound of the Inventionis Compared to Mice Receiving the Vehicle to identify compounds whichcould be particularly useful for lowering triglycerides. Generally,triglyceride decreases of greater than or equal to 30% (thirty percent)compared to control following a 30 mg/kg dose suggests a compound thatcan be especially useful for lowering triglyceride levels.

The percent increase of HDLc serum levels in mice receiving a compoundof the invention is compared to mice receiving vehicle to identifycompounds of the invention that could be particularly useful forelevating HDL levels. Generally, and increase of greater than or equalto 25% (twenty five percent) increase in HDLc level following a 30 mg/kgdose suggests a compound that can be especially useful for elevatingHDLc levels.

It may be particularly desirable to select compounds of this inventionthat both lower triglyceride levels and increase HDLc levels. However,compounds that either lower triglyceride levels or increase HDLc levelsmay be desirable as well.

Evaluation of Glucose Levels in db/db Mice

The effects upon plasma glucose associated with administering variousdose levels of different compounds of the present invention and the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone (BRL49653) or the PPAR alpha agonistfenofibrate, and the control, to male db/db mice, are studied.

Five week old male diabetic (db/db) mice [for example, C57BlKs/j-m +/+Lepr(db), Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) or lean littermates arehoused 6 per cage with food and water available at all times. After anacclimation period of 2 weeks, animals are individually identified byear notches, weighed, and bled via the tail vein for determination ofinitial glucose levels. Blood is collected (100 μl) from unfastedanimals by wrapping each mouse in a towel, cutting the tip of the tailwith a scalpel, and milking blood from the tail into a heparinizedcapillary tube. Sample is discharged into a heparinized microtainer withgel separator and retained on ice. Plasma is obtained aftercentrifugation at 4° C. and glucose measured immediately. Remainingplasma is frozen until the completion of the experiment, when glucoseand triglycerides are assayed in all samples. Animals are grouped basedon initial glucose levels and body weights. Beginning the followingmorning, mice are dosed daily by oral gavage for 7 days. Treatments aretest compounds (30 mg/kg), a positive control agent (30 mg/kg) orvehicle [1% carboxymethylcellulose (w/v)/0.25% Tween80 (w/v); 0.3ml/mouse]. On day 7, mice are weighed and bled (tail vein) 3 hours afterdosing. Twenty-four hours after the 7^(th) dose (i.e., day 8), animalsare bled again (tail vein). Samples obtained from conscious animals ondays 0, 7 and 8 are assayed for glucose. After the 24-hour bleed,animals are weighed and dosed for the final time. Three hours afterdosing on day 8, animals are anesthetized by inhalation of isofluraneand blood obtained via cardiac puncture (0.5-0.7 ml). Whole blood istransferred to serum separator tubes, chilled on ice and permitted toclot. Serum is obtained after centrifugation at 4° C. and frozen untilanalysis for compound levels. After sacrifice by cervical dislocation,the liver, heart and epididymal fat pads are excised and weighed.

Glucose is measured calorimetrically using commercially purchasedreagents. According to the manufacturers, the procedures are modifiedfrom published work (McGowan, M. W., Artiss, J. D., Strandbergh, D. R. &Zak, B. Clin Chem, 20:470-5 (1974) and Keston, A. Specific calorimetricenzymatic analytical reagents for glucose. Abstract of papers 129thMeeting ACS, 31C (1956).); and depend on the release of a mole ofhydrogen peroxide for each mole of analyte, coupled with a colorreaction first described by Trinder (Trinder, P. Determination ofglucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygenacceptor. Ann Clin Biochem, 6:24 (1969)). The absorbance of the dyeproduced is linearly related to the analyte in the sample. The assaysare further modified in our laboratory for use in a 96 well format. Thecommercially available standard for glucose, commercially availablequality control plasma, and samples (2 or 5 μl/well) are measured induplicate using 200 μl of reagent. An additional aliquot of sample,pipetted to a third well and diluted in 200 g water, provided a blankfor each specimen. Plates are incubated at room temperature for 18minutes for glucose on a plate shaker (DPC Micormix 5) and absorbanceread at 500 nm on a plate reader. Sample absorbances are compared to astandard curve (100-800 for glucose). Values for the quality controlsample are always within the expected range and the coefficient ofvariation for samples is below 10%. All samples from an experiment areassayed at the same time to minimize inter-assay variability.

Evaluation of the Effects of Compounds of the Present Invention uponA^(y) Nice Body Weight, Fat Mass, Glucose and Insulin Levels

Female A^(y) Nice

Female A^(y) mice are singly housed, maintained under standardizedconditions (22° C., 12 h light:dark cycle), and provided free access tofood and water throughout the duration of the study. At twenty weeks ofage the mice are randomly assigned to vehicle control and treated groupsbased on body weight and body fat content as assessed by DEXA scanning(N=6). Mice are then dosed-via oral gavage with either vehicle or aCompound of this invention (50 mg/kg) one hour after the initiation ofthe light cycle (for example, about 7 A.M.) for 18 days. Body weightsare measured daily throughout the study. On day 14 mice are maintainedin individual metabolic chambers for indirect calorimetry assessment ofenergy expenditure and fuel utilization. On day 18 mice are againsubjected to DEXA scanning for post treatment measurement of bodycomposition.

The results of p.o. dosing of compound for 18 days on body weight, fatmass, and lean mass are evaluated and suggest which compounds of thisinvention can be especially useful for maintaining desirable weightand/or promoting desired lean to fat mass.

Indirect calorimetry measurements revealing a significant reduction inrespiratory quotient (RQ) in treated animals during the dark cycle[0.864±0.013 (Control) vs. 0.803±0.007 (Treated); p<0.001] is indicativeof an increased utilization of fat during the animals' active (dark)cycle and can be used to selected especially desired compounds of thisinvention. Additionally, treated animals displaying significantly higherrates of energy expenditure than control animals suggest such compoundsof this invention can be especially desired.

Male KK/A^(y) Nice

Male KK/A^(y) mice are singly housed, maintained under standardizedconditions (22° C., 12 h light:dark cycle), and provided free access tofood and water throughout the duration of the study. At twenty-two weeksof age the mice are randomly assigned to vehicle control and treatedgroups based on plasma glucose levels. Mice are then dosed via oralgavage with either vehicle or a Compound of this invention (30 mg/kg)one hour after the initiation of the light cycle (7 A.M.) for 14 days.Plasma glucose, triglyceride, and insulin levels are assessed on day 14.

The results of p.o. dosing of compound for 14 days on plasma glucose,triglycerides, and insulin are evaluated to identify compounds of thisinvention which may be especially desired.

Method to Elucidate the LDL-cholesterol Total-cholesterol andTriglyceride Lowering Effect

Male Syrian hamsters (Harlan Sprague Dawley) weighing 80-120 g areplaced on a high-fat cholesterol-rich diet for two to three weeks priorto use. Feed and water are provided ad libitum throughout the course ofthe experiment. Under these conditions, hamsters becomehypercholesterolemic showing plasma cholesterol levels between 180-280mg/dl. (Hamsters fed with normal chow have a total plasma cholesterollevel between 100-150 mg/dl.) Hamsters with high plasma cholesterol (180mg/dl and above) are randomized into treatment groups based on theirtotal cholesterol level using the GroupOptimizeV211.xls program.

A Compound of this invention is dissolved in an aqueous vehicle(containing CMC with Tween 80) such that each hamster received once aday approx. 1 ml of the solution by garvage at doses 3 and 30 mg/kg bodyweight. Fenofib rate (Sigma Chemical, prepared as a suspension in thesame vehicle) is given as a known alpha-agonist control at a dose of 200mg/kg, and the blank control is vehicle alone. Dosing is performed dailyin the early morning for 14 days.

Quantification of Plasma Lipids:

On the last day of the test, hamsters are bled (400 ul) from thesuborbital sinus while under isoflurane anesthesia 2 h after dosing.Blood samples are collected into heparinized microfuge tubes chilled inice bath. Plasma samples are separated from the blood cells by briefcentrifugation. Total cholesterol and triglycerides are determined bymeans of enzymatic assays carried out automatically in the Monarchequipment (Instrumentation Laboratory) following the manufacturer'sprecedure. Plasma lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL and HDL) are resolved byinjecting 25 ul of the pooled plasma samples into an FPLC system elutedwith phosphate buffered saline at 0.5 ml/min through a Superose 6 HR10/30 column (Pharmacia) maintained room temp. Detection andcharacterization of the isolated plasma lipids are accomplished bypostcolumn incubation of the effluent with a Cholesterol/HP reagent (forexample, Roche Lab System; infused at 0.12 ml/min) in a knitted reactioncoil maintained at 37° C. The intensity of the color formed isproportional to the cholesterol concentration and is measuredphotometrically at 505 nm.

The effect of administration of a Compound of this invention for 14 daysis studied for the percent reduction in LDL level with reference to thevehicle group. Especially desired compounds are markedly more potentthan fenofibrate in LDL-lowering efficacy. Compounds of this inventionthat decrease LDL greater than or equal to 30% (thirty percent) comparedto vehicle can be especially desired.

The total-cholesterol and triglyceride lowering effects of a Compound ofthis invention is also studied. The data for reduction in totalcholesterol and triglyceride levels after treatment with a compound ofthis invention for 14 days is compared to the vehicle to suggestcompounds that can be particularly desired. The known controlfenofibrate did not show significant efficacy under the sameexperimental conditions.

Method to Elucidate the Fibrinogen-Lowering Effect of PPAR Modulators

Zucker Fatty Rat Model:

The life phase of the study on fibrinogen-lowering effect of compoundsof this invention is part of the life phase procedures for theantidiabetic studies of the same compounds. On the last (14^(th)) day ofthe treatment period, with the animals placed under surgical anesthesia,˜3 ml of blood is collected, by cardiac puncture, into a syringecontaining citrate buffer. The blood sample is chilled and centrifugedat 4° C. to isolate the plasma that is stored at −70° C. prior tofibrinogen assay.

Quantification of Rat Plasma Fibrinogen:

Rat plasma fibrinogen levels are quantified by using a commercial assaysystem consists of a coagulation instrument following the manufacturer'sprotocol. In essence, 100 ul of plasma is sampled from each specimen anda 1/20 dilution is prepared with buffer. The diluted plasma is incubatedat 37° C. for 240 seconds. Fifty microliters of clotting reagentthrombin solution (provided by the instrument's manufacturer in astandard concentration) is then added. The instrument monitors theclotting time, a function of fibrinogen concentration quantified withreference to standard samples. Compounds that lower fibrinogen levelgreater than vehicle can be especially desired.

Cholesterol and triglyceride lowering effects of compounds of thisinvention are also studied in Zucker rats.

Method to Elucidate the Anti-body Weight Gain and Anti-appetite Effectsof Compounds of this invention

Fourteen-Day Study in Zucker Fatty Rat¹ or ZDF Rat² Models:

Male Zucker Fatty rats, non-diabetic (Charles River Laboratories,Wilmington, Mass.) or male ZDF rats (Genetic Models, Inc, Indianapolis,Ind.) of comparable age and weight are acclimated for 1 week prior totreatment. Rats are on normal chow and water is provided ad libitumthroughout the course of the experiment.

Compounds of this invention are dissolved in an aqueous vehicle suchthat each rat received once a day approximately 1 ml of the solution bygarvage at doses 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg body weight. Fenofibrate (SigmaChemical, prepared as a suspension in the same vehicle) a knownalpha-agonist given at doses of 300 mg/kg, as well as the vehicle arecontrols. Dosing is performed daily in the early morning for 14 days.Over the course of the experiment, body weight and food consumption aremonitored.

Using this assay, compounds of this invention are identified todetermine which can be associated with a significant weight reduction.

Method to Elucidate the Activation of the PPAR Delta Receptor In Vivo

This method is particularly useful for measuring the in vivo PPARdeltareceptor activation of compounds of this invention that are determinedto possess significant in vitro activity for that receptor isoform overthe PPAR gamma isoform.

Male PPARα null mice (129s4 Svjae-PPARa<tm1Gonz> mice. JacksonLaboratories) of 8-9 weeks of age are maintained on Purina 5001 chowwith water ad libitum for at least one week prior to use. Feed and waterare provided ad libitum throughout the course of the experiment. Usingthe GroupOptimizeV211.xls program, mice are randomized into treatmentgroups of five animals each based on their body weight.

Compounds of this invention are suspended in an aqueous vehicle of 1%(w/v) carboxymethylcellulose and 0.25% Tween 80 such that each mousereceives once a day approx. 0.2 ml of the solution by gavage at dosesranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/kg body weight. A control group of mice isincluded in each experiment whereby they are dosed in parallel withvehicle alone. Dosing is performed daily in the early morning for 7days.

On the last day of dosing, mice are euthanized by CO₂ asphyxiation 3hours after the final dose. Blood samples are collected by heart drawinto EDTA-containing microfuge tubes and chilled on ice. Liver samplesare collected by necropsy and are flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen andstored at −80 degrees Celsius. For RNA isolation from liver, five to tenmg of frozen liver is placed in 700 μl of 1× Nucleic Acid Lysis Solution(Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.) and homogenized using ahand-held tissue macerator (Biospec Products Inc., Bartlesville, Okla.).The homogenate is filtered through an ABI Tissue pre-filter (AppliedBiosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.) and collected in a deep well plateon an ABI 6100 Nucleic Acid prep station (Applied Biosystems Inc.,Foster City, Calif.). The filtered homogenate is then loaded onto an RNAisolation plate and the RNA Tissue-Filter-DNA-method is run on the ABI6100. The isolated RNA is eluted in 150 μl of RNase free water. Forquality assessment, 9 μl of the isolated RNA solution is loaded onto a1% TBE agarose gel, and the RNA is visualized by ethidium bromidefluorescence.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using the ABI High CapacityArchive Kit (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.). Briefly, a2× reverse transcriptase Master Mix is prepared according to themanufacturer's protocol for the appropriate number of samples (RTBuffer, dNTP, Random Primers, MultiScribe RT (50 U/μl), RNase freewater). For each reaction, 50 μl of 2×RT Master Mix is added to 50 μl ofisolated RNA in a PCR tube that is incubated in a thermocycler (25° C.for 10 minutes followed by 37° C. for 2 hours). The resultant cDNApreparation is diluted 1:100 in dH2O for analysis by real-time PCR.Also, a standard curve of cDNA is diluted 1:20, 1:100, 1:400, 1:2000,1:10,000 for use in final quantitation.

A real-time PCR Master Mix for mouse Cyp4A1 gene expression is mixed tocontain:

1× Taqman Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems Inc., FosterCity, Calif.)

-   -   6 micromolar final concentration Forward primer; Qiagen/Operon        Technologies, Alameda, Calif.)    -   6 micromolar final concentration Reverse primer (Qiagen/Operon        Technologies, Alameda, Calif.)    -   0.15 micromolar final concentration Probe (5′ 6-FAM and 3′        Tamra-Q; Qiagen/Operon Technologies, Alameda, Calif.)    -   RNase free water to 10 microliters

A real-time PCR Master Mix for the 18S ribosomal RNA control geneexpression is mixed to contain

1× Taqman Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems Inc., FosterCity, Calif.)

-   -   0.34 micromolar Probe/Primer TaqMan® Ribosomal RNA Control        Reagents #4308329 Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.)    -   RNase free water to 10 microliters

For the real-time PCR analysis, 6 ul of the respective Master Mixsolution (either Cyp4A1 or 18S) and 4 ul either of diluted cDNA or ofStandard Curve samples is added to individual wells of a 384-well plate(n=2 for Standards; n=4 for unknowns). Reactions are performed using theABI 7900 HT standard universal RT-PCR cycling protocol. Data areanalyzed using SDS 2.1 (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.).Average quantity and standard deviation are calculated automatically foreach individual sample, according to the standard curve values. UsingMicrosoft Excel 2000, mean values for each group of five individual miceis calculated. The mean value of each compound-treated group is dividedby the mean value of the vehicle-treated group. The fold induction overthe vehicle group is determined by assigning the vehicle group to thevalue of 1.0, and the fold change of the mean value for each group isexpressed as fold-induction versus vehicle (1.0). Data are plotted usingJandel SigmaPlot 8.0.

Monkey Studies Efficacy Studies

Compounds of the invention may be examined in a dyslipidemic rhesusmonkey model. After an oral dose-escalation study for 28 days in obese,non-diabetic rhesus monkeys a determination of HDL-c elevation is madewith each dose and compared with pretreatment levels. LDL cholesterol isalso determined with each dose. C-reactive protein levels are measuredand compared to pretreatment levels.

Compound of Formula I may be shown to elevate plasma HDL-cholesterollevels in an African Green Monkey model in a manner similar to thatdescribed above in rhesus monkeys.

Two groups of monkeys are placed in a dose-escalating study thatconsists of one week of baseline measurements, 9 weeks of treatments(vehicle, Compound of Formula I), and four weeks of washout. Duringbaseline, monkeys in all three groups are administered vehicle oncedaily for seven days. Test compound of Formula I, is administered invehicle once daily for three weeks, then at a greater concentration(double the dose may be desired) once daily for three weeks, and then astill greater concentration (double the most recent dose may be desired)once daily for three weeks. At the completion of treatment, monkeys inboth groups are administered vehicle once daily and monitored for anadditional six weeks.

Animals are fasted overnight and then sedated for body weightmeasurements and blood collection at weeks 1 (vehicle), 2, 3, 4, 6, 7,9, 10, 12, and 14 of the study.

Parameters to measured, for example:

Body weight

Total plasma cholesterol

HDL

LDL

Triglycerides

Insulin

Glucose

PK parameters at week 4, 7, and 10 (plasma drug concentration at lastweek of each dose)

ApoAI

ApoAII

ApoB

ApoCIII

Liver enzymes (SGPT, SGOT, OGT)

Complete blood count

Additionally, other measures may be made, as appropriate, and consistentwith the stated study design.

Equivalents:

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the scope of the inventionencompassed by the appended claims.

1. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of the structural Formula I′:

and stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates andhydrates thereof, wherein: (a) R1 is selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and, wherein C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with from oneto three substituents independently selected from R1′; (b) R1′, R26,R27, R28 and R31 are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl,C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy,C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, heteroaryl,heterocycloalkyl, C(O)R13, COOR14, OC(O)R15, OS(O)₂R16, N(R17)₂,NR18C(O)R19, NR20SO₂R21, SR22, S(O)R23, S(O)₂R24, and S(O)₂N(R25)₂; R12,R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 areeach independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl and aryl; (c) R2 is selected from the group consisting of C₀-C₈alkyl and C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl; (d) X is selected from the group consistingof a single bond, O, S, S(O)₂ and N; (e) U is an aliphatic linker ofC₁-C, alkyl wherein one carbon atom of the aliphatic linker isoptionally replaced with O, NH or S, and wherein such aliphatic linkeris optionally substituted with from one to four substituents eachindependently selected from R30; (f) Y is selected from the groupconsisting of C, NH, and a single bond; (g) E is C(R3)(R4)A or A andwherein (i) A is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl,tetrazole, C₁-C₆ alkylnitrile, carboxamide, sulfonamide andacylsulfonamide; wherein sulfonamide, acylsulfonamide and tetrazole areeach optionally substituted with from one to two groups independentlyselected from R⁷; (ii) each R⁷ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl and C₁-C₆alkyl; (iii) R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₅alkyl, and C₁-C₅ alkoxy; and (iv) R4 is selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, aryloxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl,and aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4 are optionally combined to form aC₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, cycloalkyl andaryl-alkyl are each optionally substituted with one to threesubstituents each independently selected from R26; (h) B is selectedfrom the group consisting of S, O, C, and N; (i) Z is selected from thegroup consisting of N and C, with the proviso that when B is C then Z isN; (j) R8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and halo; (k) R9 is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, halo, aryl-C₀-C₄alkyl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ allyl, SR29, and OR29, and wherein aryl-C₀-C₄alkyl, heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with from one to threeindependently selected from R27; R29 is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and C₁-C₄ alkyl; R8 and R9optionally combine to form a five membered fused bicyclic with thephenyl to which R8 and R9 attach, provided that when R8 and R9 form afused ring, the group E-Y— is bonded at any available position on thefive membered ring of such R8 and R9 fused bicyclic; (l) R10, R11 areeach independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12″,C₀-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl,aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, aryloxy, C(O)R13′, COOR14′, OC(O)R15′,OS(O)₂R16′, N(R17′)₂, NR18′C(O)R19′, NR20′SO₂R21′, SR22′, S(O)R23′,S(O)₂R24′, and S(O)₂N(R25′)₂; and wherein aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with from oneto three substituents independently selected from R28; (m) R12′, R12″,R13′, R14′, R15′, R16′, R17′, R18′, R19′, R20′, R21′, R22′, R23′, R24′,and R25′ are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl; (n) R30 is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and whereinC₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with from one to three substituents eachindependently selected from R31; (o) R32 is selected from the groupconsisting of a bond, hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, andC₁-C₆ alkyloxo; (p) AL is selected from the group consisting of a fusedC₃-C₈ carbocyclic, a fused pyridinyl, a fused pyrimidinyl, and a fusedphenyl; and (q) — is optionally a bond to form a double bond at theindicated position.
 2. (canceled)
 3. A compound of the structuralFormula I′″:

and stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates andhydrates thereof, wherein: (a) R1 is selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and, wherein C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with from oneto three substituents independently selected from R1′; (b) R1′, R26,R27, R28 and R31 are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl,C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy,C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, heteroaryl,heterocycloalkyl, C(O)R13, COOR14, OC(O)R15, OS(O)₂R16, N(R17)₂,NR18C(O)R19, NR20SO₂R21, SR22, S(O)R23, S(O)₂R24, and S(O)₂N(R25)₂; R12,R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24 and R25 areeach independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl and aryl; (c) R2 is selected from the group consisting of C₀-C₈alkyl and C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl; (d) X is selected from the group consistingof a single bond, O, S, S(O)₂ and N; (e) U is an aliphatic linker ofC_-C₃ alkyl and wherein such aliphatic linker is optionally substitutedwith from one to four substituents each independently selected from R30;(f) Y is selected from the group consisting of C, O, S, NH and a singlebond; (g) E is C(R3)(R4)A or A and wherein (i) A is selected from thegroup consisting of carboxyl, tetrazole, C₁-C₆ alkylnitrile,carboxamide, sulfonamide and acylsulfonamide; wherein sulfonamide,acylsulfonamide and tetrazole are each optionally substituted with fromone to two groups independently selected from R⁷; (ii) each R⁷ isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl and C₁-C₆ alkyl; (iii) R3 is selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, and C₁-C₅ alkoxy; and(iv) R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₁-C₅alkoxy, aryloxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4are optionally combined to form a C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein alkyl,alkoxy, aryloxy, cycloalkyl and aryl-alkyl are each optionallysubstituted with one to three substituents each independently selectedfrom R26; with the proviso that when Y is 0 then R4 is selected from thegroup consisting of C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkoxy, aryloxy, C3-C6cycloalkyl, and aryl C₀-C₄ alkyl, and R3 and R4 are optionally combinedto form a C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl, and wherein alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl andaryl-alkyl are each optionally substituted with one to three eachindependently selected from R26; (h) B is selected from the groupconsisting of S, O, C, and N; (i) Z is selected from the groupconsisting of N and C; with the proviso that when B is C then Z is N;(j) R8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl,C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and halo; (k) R9 is selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, halo, aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl,heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ allyl, SR29, and OR29, and wherein aryl-C₀-C₄ alkyl,heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with from one to threeindependently selected from R27; R29 is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkylenyl, and C₁-C₄ alkyl; R8 and R9optionally combine to form a five membered fused bicyclic with thephenyl to which R8 and R9 attach, provided that when R8 and R9 form afused ring, the group E-Y— is bonded at any available position on thefive membered ring of such R8 and R9 fused bicyclic; (l) R10, R11 areeach independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,hydroxy, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12″,C₀-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl,aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, aryloxy, C(O)R13′, COOR14′, OC(O)R15′,OS(O)₂R16′, N(R17′)₂, NR18′C(O)R19′, NR20′SO₂R21′, SR22′, S(O)R23′,S(O)₂R24′, and S(O)₂N(R25′)₂; and wherein aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl,aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are each optionally substituted with from oneto three substituents independently selected from R28; (m) R12′, R12″,R13′, R14′, R15′, R16′, R17′, R18′, R19′, R20′, R21′, R22′, R23′, R24′,and R25′ are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl and aryl; (n) R30 is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and whereinC₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl,heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, and C3-C6 cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with from one to three substituents eachindependently selected from R31; (o) R32 is selected from the groupconsisting of a bond, hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, andC₁-C₆ alkyloxo; (p) AL is selected from the group consisting of a fusedC₃-C₈ carbocyclic, a fused pyridinyl, a fused pyrimidinyl, and a fusedphenyl; and (q) — is optionally a bond to form a double bond at theindicated position.
 4. (canceled)
 5. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein X is —O—.
 6. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein X is —S.7. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein Y is
 0. 8. A compound asclaimed by claim 3 wherein Y is C.
 9. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein wherein Y is S.
 10. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein Zis N.
 11. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein B is S or O.
 12. Acompound as claimed by claim 3, wherein B is N.
 13. A compound asclaimed by claim 11 wherein Z is N.
 14. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein AL is a fused phenyl.
 15. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein AL is a fused cycloalkyl.
 16. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein AL is a fused pyrimidinyl.
 17. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein AL is a fused pyridinyl.
 18. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein — is a bond to form a double bond at the designated location onFormula I.
 19. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein E is C(R3)(R4)A.20. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein E is A.
 21. A compound asclaimed by claim 19 wherein A is COOH.
 22. A compound as claimed byclaim 3 wherein R10 is haloalkyl.
 23. A compound as claimed by claim 21wherein R10 is CF₃.
 24. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein R10 ishaloalkyloxy.
 25. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein R10 and R11are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,halo, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl-COOR12″, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkyloxy.
 26. A compound as claimed by claim 3wherein R10 is selected from the group consisting of C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl,aryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₄-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-C₀₋₄-alkyl, C3-C6cycloalkylaryl-C₀₋₂-alkyl, and aryloxy.
 27. A compound as claimed byclaim 3 wherein R8 is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₃ alkyland C₁-C₄ alkylenyl.
 28. A compound as claimed by claim 21, wherein R8and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 29. A compound as claimed by claim 21 whereinR29 is C₁-C₄ alkylenyl.
 30. A compound as claimed by claim 21 wherein R8is C₁-C₄ alkylenyl.
 31. A compound as claimed by claim 21, wherein R9 isOR29.
 32. A compound as claimed by claim 21, wherein R9 is SR29.
 33. Acompound as claimed by claim 21 wherein R8 and R9 combine to form afused bicyclic.
 34. A compound as claimed by claim 21 wherein R1, R2,R3, and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting ofC₁-C₂ alkyl.
 35. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein R1, R3, and R4are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand C₁-C₂ alkyl.
 36. A compound as claimed by claim 21 wherein R2 is abond.
 37. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein U is C₁-C₃ alkyl. 38.A compound as claimed by claim 37 wherein U is saturated.
 39. A compoundas claimed by claim 38 wherein U is substituted with C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 40. Acompound as claimed by claim 3 wherein aliphatic linker is substitutedwith from one to four substituents each independently selected from thegroup consisting of R30.
 41. (canceled)
 42. A compound as claimed byclaim 3 of the Structural Formula II


43. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of the Structural Formula III:


44. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of the Structural Formula IV:

herein n1 is 1 to
 5. 45. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of theStructural Formula V:


46. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of the Structural Formula VI:


47. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of the Structural Formula VII:


48. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein X is S, Y is selected fromthe group consisting of C and O, E is CH₂COOH, and R2 is a bond.
 49. Acompound as claimed by claim 3, wherein Z is N and B is S.
 50. Acompound as claimed by claim 3 wherein R32 is hydrogen, R8 is hydrogenand R9 is C₁-C₄ alkyl.
 51. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of theStructural Formula VIII:


52. A compound as claimed by claim 3 of the Structural Formula IX:

wherein X′ is selected from the group consisting of O and S.
 53. Acompound as claimed by claim 3 of the Structural Formula X:


54. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein the compound is selectedfrom the group consisting ofRacemic-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;(R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;(S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid;Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;Racemic-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;(S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;(R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;Racemic-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid;(S)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid;(R)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopentathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid;{2-Methyl-4-[7-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;(S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(R)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid;(S)-{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid;3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;(R)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;(S)-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid;{3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-aceticacid;(R)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(S)-3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cycloheptathiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid;{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid ethyl ester;3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid;3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid;(S)-2-Methoxy-3-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenyl}-propionicacid;2-Methyl-2-{2-methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy}-propionicacid;Racemic-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-ethylsulfanyl}-phenoxy)-aceticacid; andRacemic-3-(2-methyl-4-{1-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-yl]-ethylsulfanyl}-phenyl)-propionicacid.
 55. A compound as claimed by claim 3 which is selected from thegroup consisting of{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid and3-{2-Methyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]-phenyl}-propionicacid.
 56. A compound as claimed by claim 3 selected from the groupconsisting of2-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanylphenoxyaceticAcid;3-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl-phenylaceticAcid;6-[2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-4-ylmethylsulfanyl]benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}acetic Acid;2-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid; and2-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-7-ylmethylsulfanyl]phenoxyaceticAcid,


57. A compound as claimed by claim 3 that is in the S conformation. 58.A compound as claimed by claim 3 that is in the R conformation.
 59. Apharmaceutical composition, comprising as an active ingredient, at leastone compound as claimed by claim 3 together with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or diluent.
 60. (canceled)
 61. A method of treatingdiabetes mellitus in a mammal, comprising the step of administering tothe mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of claim
 3. 62. A method of treating MetabolicSyndrome in a mammal, comprising the step of administering to the mammalin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of claim
 3. 63. A method of selectively modulating a PPAR deltareceptor comprising administering a compound as claimed by claim 3 to amammal in need thereof.
 64. (canceled)
 65. A method for treating orpreventing the progression of cardiovascular disease in a mammal in needthereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of acompound as claimed by claim
 3. 66. A method as claimed by claim 65wherein the mammal is diagnosed as being in need of such treatment. 67.A method of treating arthritis in a mammal, comprising the step ofadministering to the mammal in need thereof, a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one compound as claimed by claim
 3. 68. A method oftreating demyelating disease in a mammal, comprising the step ofadministering to the mammal in need thereof, a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one compound as claimed by claim
 3. 69. A method oftreating inflammatory disease in a mammal, comprising the step ofadministering to the mammal in need thereof, a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one compound as claimed by claim
 3. 70. A method asclaimed by claim 67, wherein such mammal is diagnosed as being in needof such treatment.
 71. A compound as claimed by claim 3 for use as apharmaceutical.
 72. A compound as claimed by claim 3 wherein thecompound is radiolabeled.
 73. (canceled)
 74. (canceled)